1、版權聲明任何收存和保管本論文各種版本的單位和個人，未經本論文作者同意，不得將本論文轉借他人，亦不得隨意復制、抄錄、拍照或以任何方式傳播。否則，引起有礙作者著作權之問題，將可能承擔法律責任?！锻翣栰杼睾箛ネ鲅芯俊鐚W科與國際比較的視角分析》北京大學國際關系學院博士論文孫力舟TheDeclineofTorghut(Kalmyk)KhanateinInterdisciplinaryandInternationalComparativePe

2、rspectivesSunLizhouDiplomacyDirectedbyN／uJunAbstractThecoreresearchquestionofthisdissertationistoinquirethereasonswhyTorghut(Kalmyk)Khanatedeclinedin18也centuryThedissertationsetsthreecriteriatomeasl壯ethepowerofTorghutKha

3、nate：thescopeofterritorythedegreeofindependenceindomesticandforeignpolicies，andtheresultsofthewarsfightingwithotherstatesortribesUsingthesecriteria，thedissertationoutlinesthehistoricalprocessofthedeclineofTorghutKhanatef

4、ormitsheightinlate17mcenturytoitsdemisein1771Thedissertationputsforward5domesticfactorsaffectingthedeclineofTorghutKhanateTheyareeconomicdevelopment，population，politicalstabilitymilitarypowerandforeignpolicyThedeterminan

5、tfactoramongthesefactorsiseconomicdevelopmentIntheerawhentheworldwasabouttotransformfromagriculturesocietytoindustrialsocietyTorghutKhanatekeptthe姍nadicwayofproduction，whichblockstheenlargementofdivisionoflaborandthegrow

6、thofproductivityTheinterrelatednomadicwayoflifebroughtontherelativepoorconditionofhousing，nutritionsanitationandmedicalcareBecauseoftheseconditions，thepopulationofTorghutKhanatestagnatedforoveracenturyThetribesystembased

7、onnomadicwayofproductionhinderedthefoundationofacentralizednationstateTherefore，thecivilwarsandtribalconflictsoccurredonaregularbaseThenomadicmilitarytraditionwasalsocounterproductiveinthedevelopmentofstandingarmymilitar

8、yindustriesandlogisticsBesides，therelativesimplenessofnomadicproductiondidnotgeneratedemandstoacomplicatedgovernmentsystemConsequentlyTorghutKhanateneverhadtheprofessionalgovernmentbranchesofforeignpolicydecisionmaking，i

9、mplementandresearchAsaresult，TorghutKhanatemadeaseriesofmistakesinforeignpolicysuchaslongtermalliancewiththemostthreateningpowerRussiaThedeteriorationofinternationalenvironmentisalsoafactorfacilitatingthedeclineofTorghut

10、KhanatcAfter1720s，RussiabrokethebalanceofpowerinEasternEuropeTheexpansionofRussiaalmostcutoff而f動ⅡfKhanate’Scontactrouteswithothercountries，makingitisolatedinsideRussianterritoryoritstributariesIn1860sQingChinaunifiedXinj

11、iangandalltheCentralAsianKhanatesbecameQingChina’StributariesHoweverQingChinadidn’tsupportTorghutKhanate’sstruggleagainstRussianaggressionTorghutKhanatelostthelasthopetopreserveitsindependenceTheleadersofTorghutKhanateha