1、版權(quán)聲明任何收存和保管本論文各種版本的單位和個(gè)人，未經(jīng)本論文作者同意，不得將本論文轉(zhuǎn)借他人，亦不得隨意復(fù)制、抄錄、拍照或以任何方式傳播。否則，引起有礙作者著作權(quán)之問(wèn)題，將可能承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任?！锻翣栰杼睾箛?guó)衰亡研究——跨學(xué)科與國(guó)際比較的視角分析》北京大學(xué)國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院博士論文孫力舟TheDeclineofTorghut(Kalmyk)KhanateinInterdisciplinaryandInternationalComparativePe

2、rspectivesSunLizhouDiplomacyDirectedbyN／uJunAbstractThecoreresearchquestionofthisdissertationistoinquirethereasonswhyTorghut(Kalmyk)Khanatedeclinedin18也centuryThedissertationsetsthreecriteriatomeasl壯ethepowerofTorghutKha

3、nate：thescopeofterritorythedegreeofindependenceindomesticandforeignpolicies，andtheresultsofthewarsfightingwithotherstatesortribesUsingthesecriteria，thedissertationoutlinesthehistoricalprocessofthedeclineofTorghutKhanatef

4、ormitsheightinlate17mcenturytoitsdemisein1771Thedissertationputsforward5domesticfactorsaffectingthedeclineofTorghutKhanateTheyareeconomicdevelopment，population，politicalstabilitymilitarypowerandforeignpolicyThedeterminan

5、tfactoramongthesefactorsiseconomicdevelopmentIntheerawhentheworldwasabouttotransformfromagriculturesocietytoindustrialsocietyTorghutKhanatekeptthe姍nadicwayofproduction，whichblockstheenlargementofdivisionoflaborandthegrow

6、thofproductivityTheinterrelatednomadicwayoflifebroughtontherelativepoorconditionofhousing，nutritionsanitationandmedicalcareBecauseoftheseconditions，thepopulationofTorghutKhanatestagnatedforoveracenturyThetribesystembased

7、onnomadicwayofproductionhinderedthefoundationofacentralizednationstateTherefore，thecivilwarsandtribalconflictsoccurredonaregularbaseThenomadicmilitarytraditionwasalsocounterproductiveinthedevelopmentofstandingarmymilitar

8、yindustriesandlogisticsBesides，therelativesimplenessofnomadicproductiondidnotgeneratedemandstoacomplicatedgovernmentsystemConsequentlyTorghutKhanateneverhadtheprofessionalgovernmentbranchesofforeignpolicydecisionmaking，i

9、mplementandresearchAsaresult，TorghutKhanatemadeaseriesofmistakesinforeignpolicysuchaslongtermalliancewiththemostthreateningpowerRussiaThedeteriorationofinternationalenvironmentisalsoafactorfacilitatingthedeclineofTorghut

10、KhanatcAfter1720s，RussiabrokethebalanceofpowerinEasternEuropeTheexpansionofRussiaalmostcutoff而f動(dòng)ⅡfKhanate’Scontactrouteswithothercountries，makingitisolatedinsideRussianterritoryoritstributariesIn1860sQingChinaunifiedXinj

11、iangandalltheCentralAsianKhanatesbecameQingChina’StributariesHoweverQingChinadidn’tsupportTorghutKhanate’sstruggleagainstRussianaggressionTorghutKhanatelostthelasthopetopreserveitsindependenceTheleadersofTorghutKhanateha