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1、版權聲明任何收存和保管本論文各種版本的單位和個人,未經本論文作者同意,不得將本論文轉借他人,亦不得隨意復制、抄錄、拍照或以任何方式傳播。否則,引起有礙作者著作權之問題,將可能承擔法律責任?!锻翣栰杼睾箛ネ鲅芯俊鐚W科與國際比較的視角分析》北京大學國際關系學院博士論文孫力舟TheDeclineofTorghut(Kalmyk)KhanateinInterdisciplinaryandInternationalComparativePe

2、rspectivesSunLizhouDiplomacyDirectedbyN/uJunAbstractThecoreresearchquestionofthisdissertationistoinquirethereasonswhyTorghut(Kalmyk)Khanatedeclinedin18也centuryThedissertationsetsthreecriteriatomeasl壯ethepowerofTorghutKha

3、nate:thescopeofterritorythedegreeofindependenceindomesticandforeignpolicies,andtheresultsofthewarsfightingwithotherstatesortribesUsingthesecriteria,thedissertationoutlinesthehistoricalprocessofthedeclineofTorghutKhanatef

4、ormitsheightinlate17mcenturytoitsdemisein1771Thedissertationputsforward5domesticfactorsaffectingthedeclineofTorghutKhanateTheyareeconomicdevelopment,population,politicalstabilitymilitarypowerandforeignpolicyThedeterminan

5、tfactoramongthesefactorsiseconomicdevelopmentIntheerawhentheworldwasabouttotransformfromagriculturesocietytoindustrialsocietyTorghutKhanatekeptthe姍nadicwayofproduction,whichblockstheenlargementofdivisionoflaborandthegrow

6、thofproductivityTheinterrelatednomadicwayoflifebroughtontherelativepoorconditionofhousing,nutritionsanitationandmedicalcareBecauseoftheseconditions,thepopulationofTorghutKhanatestagnatedforoveracenturyThetribesystembased

7、onnomadicwayofproductionhinderedthefoundationofacentralizednationstateTherefore,thecivilwarsandtribalconflictsoccurredonaregularbaseThenomadicmilitarytraditionwasalsocounterproductiveinthedevelopmentofstandingarmymilitar

8、yindustriesandlogisticsBesides,therelativesimplenessofnomadicproductiondidnotgeneratedemandstoacomplicatedgovernmentsystemConsequentlyTorghutKhanateneverhadtheprofessionalgovernmentbranchesofforeignpolicydecisionmaking,i

9、mplementandresearchAsaresult,TorghutKhanatemadeaseriesofmistakesinforeignpolicysuchaslongtermalliancewiththemostthreateningpowerRussiaThedeteriorationofinternationalenvironmentisalsoafactorfacilitatingthedeclineofTorghut

10、KhanatcAfter1720s,RussiabrokethebalanceofpowerinEasternEuropeTheexpansionofRussiaalmostcutoff而f動ⅡfKhanate’Scontactrouteswithothercountries,makingitisolatedinsideRussianterritoryoritstributariesIn1860sQingChinaunifiedXinj

11、iangandalltheCentralAsianKhanatesbecameQingChina’StributariesHoweverQingChinadidn’tsupportTorghutKhanate’sstruggleagainstRussianaggressionTorghutKhanatelostthelasthopetopreserveitsindependenceTheleadersofTorghutKhanateha

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