1、<p><b>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</b></p><p><b>　　譯文及原稿</b></p><p>　譯文題目：旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展和居民的態(tài)度的關(guān)系—以伊朗亞茲德為例</p><p>　原稿題目：Tourism development and residents’ attitude: a case study

2、 of YAZD, IRAN</p><p>　原稿出處：Hamidreza Rastegar. Tourism development and residents’ attitude:a case study of YAZD, IRAN[J]．Tourismos:An International Multidisciplinary Journal Of Tourism,2010,(2), 203-211．<

3、;/p><p>　　旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展和居民的態(tài)度的關(guān)系——以伊朗亞茲德為例</p><p>　　亞茲德居民認(rèn)為旅游的發(fā)展有一個(gè)光明的未來(lái)，那些能進(jìn)行觀光旅游的地方可以帶來(lái)更多的收入。投資者試著去尋找找到新的有吸引力的商業(yè)和在社會(huì)上中低階層的人們?nèi)ふ腋玫墓ぷ鳈C(jī)會(huì)。本文評(píng)估了對(duì)于這個(gè)快速發(fā)展的行業(yè)的當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦膽B(tài)度和感知，也是他們對(duì)于在亞茲德市旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展的期望。以五點(diǎn)李克特量表為基礎(chǔ)，設(shè)計(jì)了一份問(wèn)

4、卷，并且從當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰惺占斯?20份的有效問(wèn)卷。雖然結(jié)果顯示了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駥?duì)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的積極態(tài)度，但是他們不完全滿意的是在該地區(qū)的旅游管理。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展，亞茲德（伊朗），當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦膽B(tài)度。</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　一般來(lái)說(shuō)，隨著當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裨趨⑴c作決定的過(guò)程中獲得到的有形和無(wú)形的好處的增

5、加，居民們對(duì)旅游發(fā)展的態(tài)度會(huì)漸漸轉(zhuǎn)好。就像蔡和斯拉卡亞（2006）所說(shuō)，主辦社區(qū)居民對(duì)旅游業(yè)的態(tài)度是可持續(xù)旅游發(fā)展的重要指標(biāo)之一。居民對(duì)旅游所帶來(lái)的好處的認(rèn)知和理解會(huì)受到一系列因素的影響，這些因素也就影響著他們對(duì)旅游業(yè)的支持程度。讓社區(qū)居民參與其中并讓他們認(rèn)識(shí)到傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀的重要性一直被認(rèn)為是旅游發(fā)展項(xiàng)目能成功的基本條件(Alexander 2000)。</p><p>　　有利益相關(guān)者參與旅游發(fā)展是一個(gè)成功的關(guān)鍵

6、因素，但也有許多當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)排除或者只有最低限度涉及初步規(guī)劃和管理的例子(Hough 1998; Jacobson 1991; West &Brechin 1991; Heinen 1993; Durbin & Ralambo 1994)。在社會(huì)中有不同層次的人，需要不同的程度的刺激和規(guī)定程度的滿意度。對(duì)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的消極態(tài)度，經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈驼g的不利關(guān)系，與當(dāng)?shù)厝丝谟嘘P(guān)的利益分配問(wèn)題和缺少與當(dāng)?shù)乩嫦嚓P(guān)的決策或者

7、管理。旅游項(xiàng)目成功實(shí)施的關(guān)鍵是在積極地尋訪與居民有關(guān)聯(lián)的的因素，曾經(jīng)被傳統(tǒng)性地忽略了，但是現(xiàn)今已經(jīng)被確認(rèn)為是在這個(gè)過(guò)程中的主要利益相關(guān)因素。</p><p>　　這項(xiàng)研究的目的是確定居住地的居民</p><p>　　A）對(duì)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展的態(tài)度及認(rèn)知，</p><p>　　B）對(duì)該地區(qū)的旅游管理的感知，</p><p>　　C）旅游部門的參與和接

8、收有形和無(wú)形的利益，</p><p>　　D）對(duì)該地區(qū)旅游業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃的建議。</p><p><b>　　文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p>　　旅游觀光業(yè)是增長(zhǎng)最快的行業(yè)之一，以及是許多的發(fā)展中國(guó)家（Megan Epler Wood 2002）的外匯收入的主要來(lái)源，研究這些行業(yè)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)影響是非常重要的。</p>&l

9、t;p>　　社會(huì)居民的參與，作為一個(gè)西方的在自然資源管理和利用方面的例子，在目前旅游業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究中被比較多的討論(Agrawal 2000, Archabald and Naughton-Treves 2001, Brohman 1996, Inskeep 1991, Prentice 1993, Simmons 1994 and Straede and Helles 2000)。</p><p>

10、　　據(jù)人們認(rèn)為，只有當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)參與了決策，他們的利益才能得到保障和他們的傳統(tǒng)生活方式和價(jià)值觀才能得到尊重(Gunn 1994, Lankford and Howard 1994, Linderberg and Johnson 1997, Mitchell and Reid 2001, Sheldon and Abenoja 2001, Timothy 1999 and Wells 1996) 。Ashley和Roe（1998），認(rèn)為旅游

11、業(yè)涉及和影響當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癫槐簧鐣?huì)所驅(qū)使和控制，因此他們可以有很多形式來(lái)參與其中。其中可能包括參與的性質(zhì)從被動(dòng)到主動(dòng)的范圍，包括租賃協(xié)議，特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)，合作伙伴和企業(yè)的積極參與。有當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的參與可以獲得很多積極的收益包括：</p><p>　　a）公眾的價(jià)值觀和意見(jiàn)會(huì)被納入的決定 - 決策過(guò)程中（Beierle 1998, Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003）</p>

12、<p>　　b）促使新的想法產(chǎn)生（Carmin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003, Fiorino 1990）</p><p>　　c）使得社區(qū)更具活力（Scheyvens1999）</p><p>　　d）一個(gè)值得且有效的過(guò)程（Beierle 1998）</p><p>　　E）減少?zèng)_突和訴訟（Beierle 1998, C

13、armin, Darnall & Mil Homens 2003, Simrell King & Feltey 1998, Steelman 2001）。</p><p>　　通常情況下，當(dāng)?shù)卣?fù)責(zé)在該地區(qū)的引進(jìn)和實(shí)施方案，但是幾乎很少有完美的關(guān)鍵利益相關(guān)者之間的關(guān)系。找出對(duì)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦膽B(tài)度可以作為一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)霓k法來(lái)了解該計(jì)劃在該地區(qū)的成功，這已被早先的研究者例如Ross (1992)，

14、Ryan &Montgomery (1994),Mac Cool & Martin (1994), Hernandez et al (1996), Lankford (1994) and Lankford & Howard (1994)等人討論過(guò)。所有的這些研究都顯示了當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裼袡?quán)力參與到?jīng)Q策和管理的程序中時(shí)，他們對(duì)旅游發(fā)展是持有更加積極的態(tài)度的?？上Р恍业氖?，在所選擇的研究領(lǐng)域中缺乏對(duì)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的研究，這就導(dǎo)

15、致了一個(gè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。</p><p><b>　　研究區(qū)域</b></p><p>　　伊朗官方的伊斯蘭共和國(guó)，以前作為波斯而國(guó)際知名（從公元前600年至1935年），是指一個(gè)位于歐亞大陸中部，在波斯灣和阿曼海的東北海岸以及南部的里海岸邊的國(guó)家。伊朗是在世界上國(guó)家面積排名第18大的國(guó)家，總共面積為1648195平方公里，人口總數(shù)超過(guò)7000萬(wàn)。伊朗是具有

16、四五千年歷史的文明古國(guó)，史稱波斯。波斯文化是在世界上最珍貴的文化之一，擁有歷史悠久和令人驕傲的文明。它有兩千五百多年的鼓舞人心的文學(xué)，成千上萬(wàn)的詩(shī)人和作家，氣勢(shì)恢宏、令人印象深刻的建筑，生活風(fēng)俗可以追溯到在3000年前的拜火教徒，以及其他獨(dú)一無(wú)二的國(guó)家特點(diǎn)，而能與之相媲美的只有世界上的少數(shù)幾個(gè)國(guó)家。它有豐富的歷史人文和擁有高度集中的考古遺址(Zendeh Del 2001)。許多古老的儀式至今仍有舉行，例如Norouz(伊朗新年),Ch

17、arshanbeh Suri(伊朗年的最后一個(gè)星期三),Sizdah Bedar(正月十三躲鬼節(jié))和Yalda Night(每年最長(zhǎng)的晚上)。亞茲德省是伊朗三十個(gè)省份之一，位于伊朗的中部，面積為73467萬(wàn)平方公里，在所有省份中排行第7。亞茲德省首府位于亞茲德市。該城市擁有人口數(shù)量超過(guò)505</p><p>　　美麗的綠色山谷,美妙的鄉(xiāng)村風(fēng)景,令人驚異的春天風(fēng)景,令人愉快的山峰和山邊、洞穴，保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物的區(qū)域(2

18、50公頃面積的野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)“Kalmand”和“Bahadoran”和總面積達(dá)100公頃的保護(hù)區(qū)“Kooh Bafq& areez”是非常有趣的，位于伊朗沙漠邊緣的地區(qū)，擁有品種繁多且獨(dú)一無(wú)二的沙漠植物和動(dòng)物如:亞洲獵豹,野生山羊等等),更重要的是,該省的這些美妙的沙漠風(fēng)景對(duì)于外國(guó)和國(guó)內(nèi)游客來(lái)說(shuō)，是很有吸引力的。該省的文化景點(diǎn)是非同尋常的。人類文化的豐富遺產(chǎn)展示了索羅亞斯德教的美麗的古老傳統(tǒng)，以及與現(xiàn)今的穆斯林一起產(chǎn)生了令人驚

19、異的旅游吸引力。該省當(dāng)?shù)氐默嵙_亞斯德教教民們，每年都在不同的場(chǎng)合舉行他們的傳統(tǒng)儀式,來(lái)自不同的文化地區(qū)的游客參觀儀式的舉行，并觀察他們的行為做法。該省的當(dāng)?shù)噩嵙_亞斯德教教民仍然講他們的古老的語(yǔ)言并用那個(gè)語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐他們所有的傳統(tǒng)儀式。</p><p>　　城市的舊址部分是由粘土和磚坯制成,如今看起來(lái)它已經(jīng)變成了沙子。亞茲德的建筑是獨(dú)特的。在它漫長(zhǎng)的歷史當(dāng)中,亞茲德及其居民已經(jīng)適應(yīng)了周圍的沙漠環(huán)境。多數(shù)的進(jìn)入伊朗的國(guó)際

20、游客,游覽時(shí)將亞茲德看作是一個(gè)歷史城市。根據(jù)亞茲德省級(jí)文化遺產(chǎn)、手工藝和旅游部門統(tǒng)計(jì),在2008年3月到2009年的時(shí)間段里,28521名外國(guó)游客和202615名伊朗游客參觀了歷史古跡和亞茲德省的自然風(fēng)景景點(diǎn)。而且大多數(shù)的國(guó)際游客除了來(lái)自幾個(gè)非洲國(guó)家外，基本來(lái)自歐洲國(guó)家包括德國(guó)、法國(guó)、西班牙和意大利以及亞洲國(guó)家中國(guó)、日本和韓國(guó)。全省在40家酒店有超過(guò)2800張的床位(亞茲德省于2005年只有25個(gè)酒店,2008年增加到了40個(gè)酒店)(I

21、ran Daily 2009)。</p><p>　　Tourism development and residents’ attitude: a case study of YAZD, IRAN</p><p>　　The Yazd residents look at tourism development with a promising future to bring more in

22、come to the area that can be shared.Investors search to find new attractive business and middle and low classes in the community look to find better job opportunities.This paper assesses the attitude and perception of lo

23、cal residents toward this fast growing industry and also their expectation of authority regarding tourism development in Yazd city.A questionnaire was designed based on five point Likert scale </p><p>　　Keyw

24、ords:Tourism development,Yazd(Iran),Local residents,Attitude.</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　In general residents’ attitudes towards tourism development can be improved by increasing both tangi

25、ble and intangible benefits that these populations receive from involving directly in decision-making processes. As Choi & Sirakaya (2006) indicate host community attitudes towards tourism is one of important indicat

26、ors for sustainable tourism development. A number of factors can influence residences’ perceptions about benefits of tourism development and, hence, the extent of their support. Both c</p><p>　　Stakeholder i

27、nvolvement in the tourism development is a critical factor for success, yet there are many examples of local communities being excluded or only minimally involve in the initial planning and management (Hough 1998; Jacobs

28、on 1991; West &Brechin 1991; Heinen 1993; Durbin & Ralambo 1994). There are different levels of people in community which need different levers for motivation and satisfaction which should be identified. Negative

29、 attitudes towards tourism development often arise from</p><p>　　The study aimed to identify residence </p><p>　　a) attitude and perceptional towards tourism development, </p><p>

30、;　　b) feeling about management of tourism in the area, </p><p>　　c) involvement in tourism sector and receiving tangible and intangible benefits and at the end, </p><p>　　d) suggest a st

31、rategic planning for sustainable tourism development in the area. </p><p>　　LITERATURE REVIEW </p><p>　　As travel and tourism industries are among the words fastest growing industries and are t

32、he major source of foreign exchange earning for many developing countries (Megan Epler Wood 2002), it is very important to study socioeconomic impact of these industries. Community participation, a Western paradigm in na

33、tural resource management and utilization, is currently much discussed in sustainable tourism development research (Agrawal 2000, Archabald and Naughton-Treves 2001, Brohman 1996, Inskeep 199</p><p>　　It is

34、thought that only when local communities are involved in decision- making, can their benefits be ensured and their traditional lifestyles and values respected (Gunn 1994, Lankford and Howard 1994, Linderberg and Johnson

35、1997, Mitchell and Reid 2001, Sheldon and Abenoja 2001, Timothy 1999 and Wells 1996). Ashley and Roe (1998) suggest that tourism can involve and affect local residents without being driven and controlled by community an

36、d therefore there can be many forms of their involveme</p><p>　　Usually the local government is responsible to introduce and implement the program in the area but there is seldom perfect relationship between

37、 key stakeholders. Finding out the local resident attitude towards tourism development can be a proper way to understand the success of the program in the area that have been previous ly discussed by researcher such as R

38、oss (1992), Ryan &Montgomery (1994), Mac Cool & Martin (1994), Hernandez et al (1996), Lankford (1994) and Lankford & Howard (1994). All </p><p>　　STUDY AREA </p><p>　　Officially the

39、 Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persia (from 600 BC until 1935), is a country in Central Eurasia located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea and the southern shore o

40、f the Caspian Sea. Iran is the 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km², and has a population of over seventy million. </p><p>　　With a long- standing and proud civilization,

41、Persian culture is among the richest in the world.Two and a half millennia of inspiring literature, thousands of poets and writers, magnificent and impressive architecture, live customs dating back to Zoroastrians over 3

42、000 years ago, and other unique characteristics of the nation are rivaled by only a few countries. It is rich with the history of humanity and has a high concentration of archaeological sites ( Zendeh Del 20001). Among t

43、he ceremonies </p><p>　　The province of Yazd is situated in center of Iran with area of 73467 km2. The capital of the province is Yazd with the population of more than 505,037 people, located 1230 meter abov

44、e the sea level with mean annual temperature and precipitation of 18.9 C0 and 64mm (NGDIR 2009). The province of Yazd is dry for two basic reasons, firstly Yazd is located on the arid belt of the world, and secondly is v

45、ery far from Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and the Iranian lakes, as well as the humid currents of the s</p><p>　　Beautiful green valleys, wonderful country sides, marvelous springs, pleasant peaks and hill sides,

46、 caves, protected wild life fields (the protected wild areas "Kalmand" and "Bahadoran" with and area of 250 hectares and the protected area of "Kooh Bafq& areez" with an area of 100 hect

47、ares are very interesting for their location on the edge of the central desert of Iran which caused an unique varieties of desert plants and animals like: Asiatic cheetah, wild goat and so on) and more importantly </p

48、><p>　　The old part of city is made out of clay and adobe; it seems that it has risen out of sand. Yazd's architecture is unique. During its long history, Yazd and its residents have adapted themselves to t

49、he desert surrounding. Majority of international tourists, who enter Iran, visit Yazd as a historical city. According to Yazd provincial Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Department, during March 2008-2009, 28,5