1、<p><b>　　附 錄</b></p><p><b>　　一、英文原文：</b></p><p>　　The NetWorks</p><p>　　Birth of the Net</p><p>　　The Internet has had a relatively brief,

2、 but explosive history so far. It grew out of an experiment begun in the 1960's by the U.S. Department of Defense. The DoD wanted to create a computer network that would continue to function in the event of a disaste

3、r, such as a nuclear war. If part of the network were damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system still had to work. That network was ARPANET, which linked U.S. scientific and academic researchers. It was the forerunner

4、 of today's Internet. </p><p>　　In 1985, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created NSFNET, a series of networks for research and education communication. Based on ARPANET protocols, the NSFNET create

5、d a national backbone service, provided free to any U.S. research and educational institution. At the same time, regional networks were created to link individual institutions with the national backbone service. </p&g

6、t;<p>　　NSFNET grew rapidly as people discovered its potential, and as new software applications were created to make access easier. Corporations such as Sprint and MCI began to build their own networks, which the

7、y linked to NSFNET. As commercial firms and other regional network providers have taken over the operation of the major Internet arteries, NSF has withdrawn from the backbone business. </p><p>　　NSF also coo

8、rdinated a service called InterNIC, which registered all addresses on the Internet so that data could be routed to the right system. This service has now been taken over by Network Solutions, Inc., in cooperation with NS

9、F. </p><p>　　How the Web Works</p><p>　　The World Wide Web, the graphical portion of the Internet, is the most popular part of the Internet by far. Once you spend time on the Web,you will begin

10、to feel like there is no limit to what you can discover. The Web allows rich and diverse communication by displaying text, graphics, animation, photos, sound and video. </p><p>　　So just what is this miracul

11、ous creation? The Web physically consists of your personal computer, web browser software, a connection to an Internet service provider, computers called servers that host digital data and routers and switches to direct

12、the flow of information. </p><p>　　The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client; the remote computers that store electronic files are the servers. Here's how it works: </p&g

13、t;<p>　　Let's say you want to pay a visit to the the Louvre museum website. First you enter the address or URL of the website in your web browser (more about this shortly). Then your browser requests the web p

14、age from the web server that hosts the Louvre's site. The Louvre's server sends the data over the Internet to your computer. Your web browser interprets the data, displaying it on your computer screen. </p>

15、<p>　　The Louvre's website also has links to the sites of other museums, such as the Vatican Museum. When you click your mouse on a link, you access the web server for the Vatican Museum. </p><p>

16、　　The "glue" that holds the Web together is called hypertext and hyperlinks. This feature allow electronic files on the Web to be linked so you can easily jump between them. On the Web, you navigate through pag

17、es of information based on what interests you at that particular moment, commonly known as browsing or surfing the Net. </p><p>　　To access the Web you need web browser software, such as Netscape Navigator o

18、r Microsoft Internet Explorer. How does your web browser distinguish between web pages and other files on the Internet? Web pages are written in a computer language called Hypertext Markup Language or HTML.</p>&l

19、t;p>　　Some Web History</p><p>　　The World Wide Web (WWW) was originally developed in 1990 at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. It is now managed by The World Wide Web Consortium, also kn

20、own as the World Wide Web Initiative. </p><p>　　The WWW Consortium is funded by a large number of corporate members, including AT&T, Adobe Systems, Inc., Microsoft Corporation and Sun Microsystems, Inc.

21、Its purpose is to promote the growth of the Web by developing technical specifications and reference software that will be freely available to everyone. The Consortium is run by MIT with INRIA (The French National Instit

22、ute for Research in Computer Science) acting as European host, in collaboration with CERN. </p><p>　　The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champai

23、gn, was instrumental in the development of early graphical software utilizing the World Wide Web features created by CERN. NCSA focuses on improving the productivity of researchers by providing software for scientific mo

24、deling, analysis, and visualization. The World Wide Web was an obvious way to fulfill that mission. NCSA Mosaic, one of the earliest web browsers, was distributed free to the</p><p>　　Understanding Web Addre

25、sses </p><p>　　You can think of the World Wide Web as a network of electronic files stored on computers all around the world. Hypertext links these resources together. Uniform Resource Locators or URLs are t

26、he addresses used to locate these files. The information contained in a URL gives you the ability to jump from one web page to another with just a click of your mouse. When you type a URL into your browser or click on a

27、hypertext link, your browser is sending a request to a remote computer to download a fil</p><p>　　What does a typical URL look like? Here are some examples:</p><p>　　http://english.chinaschool.n

28、et/</p><p>　　The home page for study english. </p><p>　　ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/ </p><p>　　A directory of files at MIT* available for downloading. </p><p>　　news:rec.gar

29、dens.roses </p><p>　　A newsgroup on rose gardening. </p><p>　　The first part of a URL (before the two slashes* tells you the type of resource or method of access at that address. For example: &l

30、t;/p><p>　　·http - a hypertext document or directory </p><p>　　·gopher - a gopher document or menu </p><p>　　·ftp - a file available for downloading or a directory of

31、 such files </p><p>　　·news - a newsgroup </p><p>　　·telnet - a computer system that you can log into over the Internet </p><p>　　·WAIS* - a database or document i

32、n a Wide Area Information Search database </p><p>　　·file - a file located on a local drive (your hard drive) </p><p>　　The second part is typically the address of the computer where the d

33、ata or service is located. Additional parts may specify the names of files, the port to connect to, or the text to search for in a database. </p><p>　　You can enter the URL of a site by typing it into the Lo

34、cation bar of your web browser, just under the toolbar. </p><p>　　Most browsers record URLs that you want to use again, by adding them to a special menu. In Netscape Navigator, it's called Bookmarks. In

35、Microsoft Explorer, it's called Favorites. Once you add a URL to your list, you can return to that web page simply by clicking on the name in your list, instead of retyping the entire URL. </p><p>　　Most

36、 of the URLs you will be using start with http which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol*. http is the method by which HTML files are transferred over the Web. Here are some other important things to know about URLs:&

37、lt;/p><p>　　·A URL usually has no spaces. </p><p>　　·A URL always uses forward slashes (//). </p><p>　　If you enter a URL incorrectly, your browser will not be able to loca

38、te the site or resource you want. Should you get an error message or the wrong site, make sure you typed the address correctly. </p><p>　　You can find the URL behind any link by passing your mouse cursor ove

39、r the link. The pointer will turn into a hand and the URL will appear in the browser's status bar, usually located at the bottom of your screen.</p><p>　　Domain Names</p><p>　　When you think

40、 of the Internet, you probably think of ".com." Just what do those three letters at the end of a World Wide Web address mean? </p><p>　　Every computer that hosts data on the Internet has a unique n

41、umerical address. For example, the numerical address for the White House is 198.137.240.100. But since few people want to remember long strings of numbers, the Domain Name System (DNS)* was developed. DNS, a critical par

42、t of the Internet's technical infrastructure*, correlates* a numerical address to a word. To access the White House website, you could type its number into the address box of your web browser. But most people prefer

43、to </p><p>　　In general, the three-letter domain name suffix* is known as a generic top-level domain and describes the type of organization. In the last few years, the lines have somewhat blurred* between th

44、ese categories. </p><p>　　.com - business (commercial) </p><p>　　.edu - educational </p><p>　　.org - non-profit </p><p>　　.mil - military </p><p>　　.net -

45、network provider </p><p>　　.gov - government </p><p>　　A domain name always has two or more parts separated by dots and typically consists of some form of an organization's name and the thre

46、e-letter suffix. For example, the domain name for IBM is "ibm.com"; the United Nations is "un.org." </p><p>　　If a domain name is available, and provided it does not infringe* on an exist

47、ing trademark, anyone can register the name for $35 a year through Network Solutions, Inc., which is authorized to register .com, .net and .org domains. You can use the box below to see if a name is a available. Don'

48、t be surprised if the .com name you want is already taken, however. Of the over 8 million domain names, 85% are .com domains. </p><p>　　ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, manages

49、 the Domain Name System. As of this writing, there are plans to add additional top-level domains, such as .web and .store. When that will actually happen is anybody's guess. </p><p>　　To check for, or re

50、gister a domain name, type it into the search box.</p><p>　　It should take this form: myname.com </p><p>　　In addition to the generic top-level domains, 244 national top-level domains were esta

51、blished for countries and territories*, for example: </p><p>　　.au - Australia </p><p>　　.ca - Canada </p><p>　　.fr - France </p><p>　　.de - Germany </p><p&g

52、t;　　.uk - United Kingdom </p><p>　　For US $275 per name, you can also register an international domain name with Net Names. Be aware that some countries have restrictions for registering names. </p>&

53、lt;p>　　If you plan to register your own domain name, whether it's a .com or not, keep these tips in mind: </p><p>　　The shorter the name, the better. (But it should reflect your family name, interest

54、or business.) </p><p>　　The name should be easy to remember. </p><p>　　It should be easy to type without making mistakes. </p><p>　　Remember, the Internet is global. Ideally, a doma

55、in name will "read" in a language other than English.</p><p>　　Decoding Error Messages</p><p>　　As you surf the Net, you will undoubtedly find that at times you can't access certai

56、n websites. Why, you make wonder? Error messages attempt to explain the reason. Unfortunately, these cryptic* messages baffle* most people. We've deciphered* the most common ones you may encounter.</p><p&g

57、t;　　400 - Bad Request </p><p>　　Problem: There's something wrong with the address you entered. You may not be authorized* to access the web page, or maybe it no longer exists. </p><p>　　Solu

58、tion: Check the address carefully, especially if the address is long. Make sure that the slashes are correct (they should be forward slashes) and that all the names are properly spelled. Web addresses are case sensitive,

59、 so check that the names are capitalized in your entry as they are in the original reference to the website. </p><p>　　401 - Unauthorized </p><p>　　Problem: You can't access a website, becau

60、se you're not on the guest list, your password is invalid or you have entered your password incorrectly. </p><p>　　Solution: If you think you have authorization, try typing your password again. Remember

61、that passwords are case sensitive. </p><p>　　403 - Forbidden </p><p>　　Problem: Essentially the same as a 401. </p><p>　　Solution: Try entering your password again or move on to ano

62、ther site. </p><p>　　404 - Not Found </p><p>　　Problem: Either the web page no longer exists on the server or it is nowhere to be found. </p><p>　　Solution: Check the address carefu

63、lly and try entering it again. You might also see if the site has a search engine and if so, use it to hunt for the document. (It's not uncommon for pages to change their addresses when a website is redesigned.) To g

64、et to the home page of the site, delete everything after the domain name and hit the Enter or Return key. </p><p>　　503 - Service unavailable </p><p>　　Problem: Your Internet service provider (I

65、SP) or your company's Internet connection may be down. </p><p>　　Solution: Take a stretch, wait a few minutes and try again. If you still have no luck, phone your ISP or system administrator. </p>

66、<p>　　Bad file request </p><p>　　Problem: Your web browser may not be able to decipher the online form you want to access. There may also be a technical error in the form. </p><p>　　Soluti

67、on: Consider sending a message to the site's webmaster, providing any technical information you can, such as the browser and version you use. </p><p>　　Connection refused by host </p><p>　　P

68、roblem: You don't have permission to access the page or your password is incorrect. </p><p>　　Solution: Try typing your password again if you think you should have access.</p><p>　　Failed DN

69、S lookup </p><p>　　Problem: DNS stands for the Domain Name System, which is the system that looks up the name of a website, finds a corresponding number (similar to a phone number), then directs your request

70、 to the appropriate web server on the Internet. When the lookup fails, the host server can't be located. </p><p>　　Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button on your browser toolbar. If this

71、doesn't work, check the address and enter it again. If all else fails, try again later. </p><p>　　File contains no data </p><p>　　Problem: The site has no web pages on it. </p><p&

72、gt;　　Solution: Check the address and enter it again. If you get the same error message, try again later. </p><p>　　Host unavailable </p><p>　　Problem: The web server is down. </p><p&g

73、t;　　Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button. If this doesn't work, try again later. </p><p>　　Host unknown </p><p>　　Problem: The web server is down, the site may have moved,

74、or you've been disconnected from the Net. </p><p>　　Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button and check to see that you are still online. If this fails, try using a search engine to find the

75、 site. It may have a new address. </p><p>　　Network connection refused by the server </p><p>　　Problem: The web server is busy. </p><p>　　Solution: Try again in a while. </p>

76、<p>　　Unable to locate host </p><p>　　Problem: The web server is down or you've been disconnected from the Net. </p><p>　　Solution: Try clicking on the Reload or Refresh button and che

77、ck to see that you are still online. </p><p>　　Unable to locate server </p><p>　　Problem: The web server is out-of-business or you may have entered the address incorrectly. </p><p>

78、　　Solution: Check the address and try typing it again. </p><p><b>　　二、英文翻譯：</b></p><p><b>　　網(wǎng) 絡(luò)</b></p><p><b>　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)的誕生</b></p><p>　　迄

79、今為止，因特網(wǎng)的歷史雖比較簡(jiǎn)短，但仍然是突破性的。在1960年代，因特網(wǎng)是在美國(guó)國(guó)防部的實(shí)驗(yàn)中產(chǎn)生的。DOD希望發(fā)明一種計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，它能在類似原子核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的重大災(zāi)難中發(fā)揮作用。如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分遭到損害，或者是毀滅性的破壞，那么系統(tǒng)的其它部分仍能正常工作。那個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是阿帕網(wǎng)，它連接到美國(guó)的科學(xué)和學(xué)術(shù)研究人員。阿帕網(wǎng)是我們今天所用網(wǎng)絡(luò)是始祖。</p><p>　　在1985年，全美科學(xué)基金會(huì)（全美科學(xué)財(cái)團(tuán)）創(chuàng)建了NSF

80、NET，這是一系列用于研究和教育交流用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。根據(jù)阿帕網(wǎng)議定書，NSFNET創(chuàng)建了國(guó)家支柱服務(wù)，即對(duì)任何美國(guó)研究是學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)提供免費(fèi)服務(wù)。同時(shí)，地區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò)把私人機(jī)構(gòu)和國(guó)家主干服務(wù)連接起來(lái)。</p><p>　　正如人們對(duì)其潛力的估計(jì)，也正由于使用起來(lái)更簡(jiǎn)單的新的軟件的問(wèn)世，NSFNET迅速地成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)。類似美國(guó)Sprint通訊公司和美國(guó)著名的MCI公司的一些公司也開始構(gòu)筑他們自己的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接到NSFNET上。&

81、lt;/p><p>　　當(dāng)商業(yè)公司是其它的地區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供商承擔(dān)起主要網(wǎng)絡(luò)動(dòng)脈的管理是，NSF（全美科學(xué)財(cái)團(tuán)）已經(jīng)從主干商務(wù)中退了下來(lái)。</p><p>　　NSF也同一種叫做InterNIC的服務(wù)對(duì)等，InterNIC登記因特網(wǎng)上的所有的地址，以便數(shù)據(jù)能傳送到正確的系統(tǒng)中?，F(xiàn)在這項(xiàng)服務(wù)已由網(wǎng)絡(luò)Sloution公司是全美科學(xué)財(cái)團(tuán)合力承擔(dān)了。</p><p><b>

82、;　　網(wǎng)絡(luò)是如何工作的</b></p><p>　　世界萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)——因特網(wǎng)的一部分——是迄今為止因特網(wǎng)中最流行的部分。只要你肯花時(shí)間瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)，你將會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上沒(méi)有你找不到的東西！網(wǎng)頁(yè)通過(guò)展示文字，圖畫，動(dòng)畫，照片，聲音和錄象來(lái)使得通訊豐富多采。</p><p>　　那么什么是這奇跡般的創(chuàng)造呢？網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)際上包括你的個(gè)人電腦，網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器軟件，與INTERNET服務(wù)商的連接，被稱為主數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)

83、據(jù)和路由器，以及引導(dǎo)信息流的開關(guān)。</p><p>　　萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)已客戶機(jī)系統(tǒng)著稱。你的計(jì)算機(jī)是客戶；儲(chǔ)備電子文件的遠(yuǎn)程計(jì)算機(jī)是服務(wù)器。以下就是它的工作方式：</p><p>　　假設(shè)你要訪問(wèn)Louver博物館的網(wǎng)點(diǎn)。首先在你的網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器中輸入這個(gè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)的URL地址（等下還會(huì)有更多關(guān)于這的探討）。然后你的瀏覽器象主管Louver的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器請(qǐng)求網(wǎng)頁(yè)。Louvre的服務(wù)器通過(guò)因特網(wǎng)向你的計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)送

84、數(shù)據(jù)。你的網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器翻譯這些數(shù)據(jù)并把它們顯示在屏幕上。</p><p>　　Louvre網(wǎng)點(diǎn)也有其它博物館的站點(diǎn)的連接。當(dāng)你在鏈接上單擊鼠標(biāo)時(shí)，你從網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器中取得焚蒂岡的博物館的網(wǎng)頁(yè)。</p><p>　　使得萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)聯(lián)系在一起的“粘合劑”是超文本和超鏈接。這個(gè)特征允許網(wǎng)上的電子文件被鏈接因此你可以很容易的跳過(guò)它們。在網(wǎng)上，你可以選擇你當(dāng)時(shí)所感興趣的頁(yè)面來(lái)看，這通常被叫做瀏覽或者沖浪。&l

85、t;/p><p>　　為了能上網(wǎng)瀏覽，你需要安裝網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器的軟件，例如網(wǎng)景或者微軟公司的Internet Explorer瀏覽器。那么你的網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器是如何區(qū)分網(wǎng)上的Web頁(yè)面和其它的文件的呢？網(wǎng)頁(yè)是由超文本傳輸語(yǔ)言或HTML語(yǔ)言等計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言寫成的。</p><p><b>　　一些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的歷史</b></p><p>　　萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)（WWW）在1990年

86、在CERN——粒子物理的歐洲實(shí)驗(yàn)室被開發(fā)。它現(xiàn)在由萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)國(guó)際財(cái)團(tuán)管理，萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)財(cái)團(tuán)也是著名的萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)機(jī)構(gòu)。萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)國(guó)際財(cái)團(tuán)向許多包括美國(guó)電話電報(bào)公司，阿道比系統(tǒng)公司，微軟公司和Sun Microsystems公司在內(nèi)的公司的社團(tuán)的成員提供資金。其目的在于通過(guò)發(fā)展技術(shù)規(guī)格和對(duì)每個(gè)人都免費(fèi)的參考軟件來(lái)促進(jìn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展。國(guó)際財(cái)團(tuán)由麻省理工學(xué)院和INRIA（法國(guó)國(guó)家為計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的研究學(xué)會(huì)）運(yùn)作，INRIA作為歐洲的主人，與CERN保持合作關(guān)系。<

87、/p><p>　　在厄巴納-尚佩恩的伊利諾斯大學(xué)的國(guó)際超高速計(jì)算應(yīng)用中心（NCSA），在早期的物理軟件運(yùn)用到由CERN創(chuàng)建的萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)的發(fā)展中起到了一定作用。NCSA智力于通過(guò)提供給研究人員用于模擬，分析，和想象的軟件來(lái)提高他們的生產(chǎn)率。明顯的萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)就是完成那個(gè)使命的方法！</p><p>　　NCSA Mosaic——最初期的網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器之一，已被廣泛使用。是它導(dǎo)致了萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)的非凡的成長(zhǎng)！</

88、p><p><b>　　網(wǎng) 址</b></p><p>　　World Wide Web可以被理解為存儲(chǔ)在全世界計(jì)算機(jī)上的網(wǎng)絡(luò)電子文件。超級(jí)鏈接將這些資源連接在一起。統(tǒng)一資源標(biāo)示符或者URLs是定位這些文件的地址。包含在一個(gè)URL里的地址信息可以使你輕輕一點(diǎn)便從一個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)跳到其他頁(yè)面上。當(dāng)你在瀏覽器上鍵入U(xiǎn)RL地址或者點(diǎn)擊超級(jí)鏈接，你的瀏覽器會(huì)立刻發(fā)一個(gè)請(qǐng)求到遠(yuǎn)端的主機(jī)去下

89、載文件。</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的URL是什么樣的呢？這有幾個(gè)例子：</p><p>　　http://english.chinaschool.net/</p><p>　　這是張英文學(xué)習(xí)的首頁(yè)。</p><p>　　ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/</p><p>　　MIT學(xué)院主頁(yè)下的一個(gè)文件下載路

90、徑</p><p>　　news:rec.gardens.roses</p><p>　　一個(gè)關(guān)于玫瑰園藝的新聞組</p><p>　　一個(gè)URL的第一部分（雙斜杠之前的部份）為資源的類型或者這個(gè)地址的存取方法。</p><p><b>　　例如：</b></p><p>　　http- 表示一個(gè)

91、超文本文檔或路徑</p><p>　　gopher- 表示一個(gè)gopher文檔或菜單</p><p>　　ftp- 表示一個(gè)可以下載的文件或一個(gè)這種文件的路徑</p><p>　　news- 表示一個(gè)新聞組</p><p>　　telnet- 表示一個(gè)通過(guò)Internet登陸的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　WAIS-

92、表示一個(gè)廣域信息搜索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)或文檔</p><p>　　file- 表示一個(gè)存儲(chǔ)在本地硬盤上的文件（你的硬盤）</p><p>　　第二部分是放置數(shù)據(jù)或服務(wù)的一個(gè)典型計(jì)算機(jī)地址。其他部分可以為具體的文件名，連接的端口號(hào)，或者需要在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中查尋的文本。</p><p>　　你可以在網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器的工具欄下的定位條里鍵入一個(gè)站點(diǎn)的URL。</p><

93、;p>　　大多數(shù)的瀏覽器通過(guò)把你訪問(wèn)過(guò)的URLS添加到一個(gè)特殊的菜單里將其記錄下來(lái)，</p><p>　　以便以后再次使用。再Netcape的Navigator中，它叫書簽。在Microsoft Explorer中，則叫做Favorites。一旦你添加一個(gè)URL到列表中，你可以通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的點(diǎn)擊列表里的名字返回那個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)，而不用在此間如完全的URL.</p><p>　　你使用的大多數(shù)的U

94、RLs為http開頭代表Hypertext Transfer Protocol。http是一種將HTML轉(zhuǎn)換為網(wǎng)頁(yè)的方法。這有一些關(guān)于使用URLs應(yīng)該注意的地方：</p><p>　　一個(gè)URL通常不包括空格。</p><p>　　一個(gè) URL通常要到用雙斜杠。</p><p>　　如果你輸入的URL不正確的，你的瀏覽器將不能找到你想要的站點(diǎn)或資源。</p&g

95、t;<p>　　你將會(huì)收到一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的信息或訪問(wèn)一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的網(wǎng)頁(yè)，所以確保你鍵入地址的正確性。</p><p>　　當(dāng)你將鼠標(biāo)的光標(biāo)放到一個(gè)鏈接上，在這個(gè)鏈接的URL將顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。鼠標(biāo)的指針將變?yōu)槭譅疃襏RL將出現(xiàn)在瀏覽器屏幕的底端的狀態(tài)條里。</p><p><b>　　域 名</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)你想到Internet,

96、你可能會(huì)想到“.com”。這個(gè)WWW網(wǎng)址的最后三個(gè)字母到底實(shí)是什么意思呢？</p><p>　　在Internet的主機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)上，每個(gè)主機(jī)有一個(gè)獨(dú)特的數(shù)字地址。例如，代表白宮的地址是198.137.240.100。因?yàn)楹苌偃讼肴ビ浤敲匆婚L(zhǎng)串?dāng)?shù)字，所以域名系統(tǒng)被開發(fā)出來(lái)。DNS，作為一項(xiàng)Internet核心技術(shù)架構(gòu)的一部分，將一個(gè)數(shù)字地址關(guān)聯(lián)為一個(gè)詞。要訪問(wèn)白宮的網(wǎng)站，你當(dāng)然可以敲入那一串?dāng)?shù)字在地址欄里，但大多數(shù)人更

97、愿意使用www.whitehouse.gov來(lái)代替它。在這個(gè)例子中，域名為whitehouse.gov。</p><p>　　通常，三個(gè)字母的后綴域名被作為通用頂級(jí)域名用來(lái)描述一個(gè)組織類型。在過(guò)去的幾年中這種類之間的劃分已經(jīng)變得有些模糊了。</p><p>　　.com - 商業(yè)（金融）</p><p>　　.edu - 教育</p><p&g

98、t;<b>　　.org- 非盈利</b></p><p><b>　　.mil- 軍事</b></p><p>　　.net- 網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供商</p><p><b>　　.gov- 政府</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)域名總是包括2個(gè)或更多被點(diǎn)分的部分，并且通常包括一個(gè)組織名

99、字的某種形式和三個(gè)字母的后綴。例如，IBM的域名為“ibm.com”；聯(lián)合國(guó)的域名為“un.org”。</p><p>　　一旦一個(gè)域名可用，它作為已存在商標(biāo)不被侵犯，任何人可以通過(guò)Network Solutions,Inc.花35$注冊(cè)一個(gè)“.com、.net或.org”的被授權(quán)的名字。你可在查詢文本框中輸入并確認(rèn)你想要的域名是否可用。不要懷疑你想要的“.com”的域名已經(jīng)有了。在超過(guò)800萬(wàn)的域名中85%為“

100、.com”域。</p><p>　　ICANN，分配名字和號(hào)碼的Internet公司管理DNS。當(dāng)本文寫到這里的時(shí)候，還有其他的域名被計(jì)劃加入頂級(jí)域名的行列之中。如：.web和.store。人們其實(shí)早已猜出這些事情的發(fā)生。</p><p>　　為了檢查或注冊(cè)一個(gè)域名，將其鍵入查詢框中。應(yīng)該用這種形式：myname.com</p><p>　　除了通用頂級(jí)域名之外，2

101、44個(gè)國(guó)家頂級(jí)域名被建立代表不同國(guó)家和領(lǐng)土。例如：</p><p>　　.au-Australia</p><p>　　.ca –Canada</p><p>　　.fr –France</p><p>　　.uk –United Kingdong </p><p>　　花上275$你還可注冊(cè)一個(gè)帶有Net Names

102、的國(guó)際域名，但請(qǐng)注意，一些國(guó)家限制注冊(cè)此類名字</p><p>　　如果你計(jì)劃注冊(cè)你自己的域名，無(wú)論是“.com”的還是其他的。請(qǐng)記住如下幾條。</p><p>　　名字越短越好（但應(yīng)反映你的姓氏，利益或生意）。</p><p><b>　　名字應(yīng)該好記。</b></p><p>　　名字應(yīng)該易于無(wú)錯(cuò)的輸入。</p

103、><p>　　切忌Internet的全球性。理論上，域名可以被讀為除英語(yǔ)以外的其他語(yǔ)言。</p><p><b>　　錯(cuò)誤信息分析</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)你在網(wǎng)上沖浪的時(shí)候，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)你會(huì)不時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)你不能訪問(wèn)某些頁(yè)面。為什么，你會(huì)奇怪？錯(cuò)誤信息試圖解釋這個(gè)原因，不幸的是，這些晦澀的信息往往會(huì)使大多數(shù)人感到困惑。</p><p

104、>　　我們已經(jīng)解釋出你可能遇到的最普遍的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　400-Bad Request</p><p>　　問(wèn)題：在你輸入的地址中有一些錯(cuò)誤，你也許沒(méi)有訪問(wèn)此頁(yè)面的授權(quán)，或者這頁(yè)已經(jīng)不存在了。</p><p>　　解決：鍵入地址時(shí)要小心，尤其當(dāng)?shù)刂泛荛L(zhǎng)時(shí)。保證雙斜杠要正確（他們應(yīng)為前向雙斜杠）并且所有名字要拼寫恰當(dāng)。網(wǎng)址是事件敏感的，因此要檢查作為

105、入口的名字，他們是網(wǎng)站的最原始的關(guān)聯(lián)。</p><p><b>　　401-非授權(quán)</b></p><p>　　問(wèn)題：你不能訪問(wèn)你個(gè)網(wǎng)站，因?yàn)槟銢](méi)在賓客列表中，你的密碼是不合法的活著你輸入的密碼是錯(cuò)誤的。</p><p><b>　　403-禁止</b></p><p>　　問(wèn)題：本質(zhì)上和401相同

106、</p><p>　　解決：再次輸入密碼或換到其他網(wǎng)站。</p><p><b>　　404-未發(fā)現(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　問(wèn)題：或者頁(yè)面不存在服務(wù)器上了，或者這地方找不到了。</p><p>　　解決：仔細(xì)地檢查地址或者再輸入一遍，你可以看看這個(gè)站點(diǎn)有沒(méi)有搜索引擎，使用它搜尋一下你要的文檔。（當(dāng)站點(diǎn)重新設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，這