1、1,,項目財務管理,*本課程材料中所述觀點為作者觀點，不一定代表亞洲開發(fā)銀行、亞行理事會或其代表的政府的觀點和政策。亞洲開發(fā)銀行不擔保本課件中所含數據的準確性，而且對使用這些數據所產生的后果不承擔責任。使用術語“國別”不代表作者或亞洲開發(fā)銀行對任何地域實體的合法性或其它法律地位的任何判斷。,2,培訓內容,亞行財務管理政策世亞行項目貸款核算辦法及財務報表的編制亞行項目的審計和常見的審計問題,3,亞行財務管理政策,ADB Financi

2、al Management Policies and Guidelines 亞行財務管理政策和指南Preparing and Submitting Financial Reports準備和提交財務報告Auditor Reports and Opinions: ADB Requirements 審計報告和審計意見：亞行的要求Financial Covenants財務約文,4,亞行財務管理政策和指南,ADB Charte

3、rADB policy on AnticorruptionGovernanceGuidelines for Financial governance and management of investment projects Financed by the ADBHandbook for Borrowers on Financial Management,亞行章程亞行政策:反腐敗治理亞行投資項目的財務治理與管理指南

4、借款人手冊：亞行資助項目的財務治理與管理,5,亞行的總體期望,執(zhí)行機構的財務管理系統(tǒng):提供及時可靠的信息，這些信息應當適用于監(jiān)控項目和執(zhí)行機構在實現亞行同意的目標方面的進展情況，還應能預警項目實施和管理中的問題執(zhí)行機構還應具有一個有效的控制環(huán)境，包括內部控制制度，以保障:財務記錄可靠完整管理政策得以貫徹執(zhí)行有序高效地開展業(yè)務正確記錄和保護資產和資源,6,ADB General Expectations (continued)

5、亞行的總體期望（續(xù)）,項目業(yè)務活動應當與政府的財務政策保持一致 項目目標應被明確界定 應制訂出項目實施計劃 限期完成的實施任務；設定每個步驟目標日期的采購行動；為每個項目部分和開支類別設定的支付計劃；籌資計劃時間表；實現項目開發(fā)目標所需采取的行動；建立項目會計與財務管理制度（包括審計安排）所需采取的行動支付程序和資金流機制要適合特定的國家和項目環(huán)境,7,財務管理指南的目標是..,為財務分析和管理建立規(guī)范界定財務管理

6、的要求向借款人解釋這些要求提供知識資源為有興趣的各方了解情況提供便利,8,FM Guidelines Structure財務管理指南的結構,1.簡介,背景，目標,2.使用者須知,分步驟的要求,3.準備和評估投資項目,投資項目的準備、評估、實施和監(jiān)督,4.項目執(zhí)行機構的財務管理,確?？沙掷m(xù)性的財務管理安排,5.報告和審計,亞行財務審計和報告要求,6.金融機構,專家指南,7.知識管理,資源、核查單、貸款約文樣本，等等,

7、9,FM Handbook for Borrowers財務管理借款人手冊,The Handbook for Borrowers on the Financial Governance and Management of Investment Projects financed by ADB:Summarizes relevant ADB FM requirements as set out in the Guidelines (fr

8、om the Borrower’s perspective)Follows the structure of the GuidelinesReflects recent progress on harmonizing MDB policies and procedures亞行融資投資項目的財務治理與管理- 借款人手冊:總結了指南中規(guī)定的財務管理要求 (從借款人的角度)采用了與指南相同的結構反映了多邊開發(fā)銀行在政策和程序

9、協(xié)調方面的最新進展,10,項目分類,亞行將其項目和執(zhí)行機構分為兩類：術語“盈利性”適用于以下執(zhí)行機構和項目:以商業(yè)為導向的；產生實質性收入的要么通過消費者付費；要么通過行業(yè)特定的地方稅，如供水和排水稅;并且有權決定這些資金的使用不符合這些標準的執(zhí)行機構和項目被定義為“非贏利性”,11,Project Types and Treatments項目類型和處理方法,12,,準備和提交財務報告,13,Session Outli

10、ne 本節(jié)概覽,ADB reporting requirementsSubmission requirementsADB compliance categoriesADB policy on late or unacceptable reports亞行財務報告編制要求本節(jié)探討亞行對按時提交所要求的財務報告的期望財務報告提交要求亞行的合規(guī)類別亞行對遲報或不合格財務報告的政策,14,Basic Principles 基

11、本原則,The following basic principles apply to all interim and annual project financial statements issued by borrowers:English-language presentationDisclosure of full accountability for all funds of the borrower, other do

12、nors and lenders, and ADBCompliance with loan covenants and ADB requirements for project managementAdequate disclosure of all material information以下基本原則適用于所有借款人發(fā)布的期中和年度項目 財務報表:以英文出具全面披露和說明借款人、其他捐助人、其他貸款人和亞行的

13、 資金使用情況符合貸款約文和亞行對項目管理的要求；充分披露所有的實質性信息,15,Annual Financial Statements年度財務報表,The following fundamental principles apply to annual financial statements:A clear statement on the accounting policies and accounting

14、 standards adoptedThe results of an independent review of the financial accounts and financial management systems by an auditor acceptable to ADB下列基本原則適用于年度財務報表：明確說明所采用的會計政策和會計準則由亞行認可的審計員對財務帳目和財務管理系統(tǒng)進行獨立審核的結果,16,Comp

15、osition of Financial Statements財務報表的構成,Annual financial statements relating to each project should show sufficient information to identify separately the transactions relating to the reporting year and the cumulative tr

16、ansactions from the start-up dateAnnual statements may combine financial transactions of a project with those of the EA, where the EA was established solely to develop the projectWhere an EA is responsible for implemen

17、ting defined subprojects, separate financial statements should be provided for each defined component together with a consolidated financial statement for the complete project. Where an EA is responsible for developing

18、more than one project, common or joint project financial transactions of the agency may be apportioned and allocated to each project on a basis defined in the Notes to the Financial Statements與每個項目有關的年度財務報表應該提供充足的信息，以區(qū)

19、分本財務年度發(fā)生的交易和自項目開始之日起累積發(fā)生的交易如果執(zhí)行機構成立的目的只是為了開發(fā)某個項目，則在期中和年度報表中可以把項目的財務交易與執(zhí)行機構的財務交易予以合并如果某個執(zhí)行機構負責執(zhí)行指定的子項目，則對應每個子項目都應編制獨立的財務報表，并對整個項目編制合并財務報表如果某執(zhí)行機構負責開發(fā)的項目多于一個，則屬于共同性質的財務交易可根據財務報表附注中的規(guī)定分配給每個項目,17,Financial Reporting Requir

20、ements財務報告要求,Where audited financial statements are to be first submitted to a government legislature—with the risk of delaying submission of the audited financial statements to ADB—a draft (certified by the chief finan

21、cial officer and the auditor) should be submitted to ADB within the required reporting timetable, with subsequent confirmation after they have been ratified by the legislature Financial statements should (normally) be p

22、resented in the local currencyFor non-revenue-earning projects, audited annual statements are required for each year of project development and implementationFor revenue-earning projects, audited annual statements are

23、required for the period of the loan. The financial statements of revenue-earning projects may be incorporated within the EA’s financial statements如果已審計財務報表需首先提交給政府立法部門，則可能會延遲向亞行上報已審計財務報表。在這種情況下，財務報表的草本（由財務總管和審計人員審核無誤）應

24、在要求的時間范圍內提交給亞行，并在財務報表被立法機構認可后向亞行確認財務報表一般應用當地貨幣表示非盈利性項目在項目開發(fā)和實施的每個財務年度都應該提交已審計的年度財務報表對盈利性項目，亞行要求在貸款期限內提交經審計的年度財務報表。盈利性項目的財務報表可以合并入執(zhí)行機構的財務報表之中,18,Accounting Statements & Financial Reports會計報表和財務報告,19,Accounting Stat

25、ements & Financial Reports會計報表和財務報告,20,Submission Requirements財務報告提交要求,ADB requires accurate and timely financial information from borrowers. EAs are required to submit Audited Project Accounts (APAs) regularly dur

26、ing project implementation and in some cases, until the loan has been fully repaid.EAs of revenue-earning entities are required to submit Audited Financial Statements (AFS), enabling ADB to monitor loan use and the EA’s

27、 financial viability.亞行要求借款人提供準確及時的財務信息 執(zhí)行機構應在項目實施階段，并在某些情況下直到貸款全部償還，定期提交已審計項目報表盈利性執(zhí)行機構還應該提交已審計的財務報表（AFS）。以使亞行能夠監(jiān)督貸款的使用并了解執(zhí)行機構的財務能力,21,ADB Compliance Categories亞行的合規(guī)類別,Complied is when the sole EA submitted acceptab

28、le APA/ AFS in English by the due date; and where all EAs submitted acceptable APA/AFS in English by the due datePartly Complied is where several EAs are involved and only one or a few submitted acceptable APA/AFS eithe

29、r by the due date or lateComplied Late is when APA/AFS meets the complied status but is submitted lateNot Yet Due is when APA/AFS is not yet due and is only applicable until the first APA/AFS for the project becomes du

30、e合規(guī)，指單一執(zhí)行機構在到期日提交可接受的英文已審計項目報表和已審計財務報表；所有執(zhí)行機構在到期日用英文提交合格的已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表部分合規(guī)，指在有多個執(zhí)行機構參與的情況下，僅有一個或者幾個執(zhí)行機構在到期日或其后提交了合格的已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表合規(guī)但拖延，指已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表達到合規(guī)要求，但提交日期拖延尚未到期，指已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表尚未到期，直到項目的第一份已審計項目報表/已審計財

31、務報表到期才適用,22,ADB Compliance Categories (continued)亞行的合規(guī)類別（續(xù)）,Not Required is if submission of APA/AFS is not included in the loan covenants, and is only applicable to some exceptional program loansNot Complied is when:A

32、PA/AFS is submitted in the local languageAPA/AFS is submitted but has significant audit qualificationsthe sole EA submitted partial or incomplete APA/AFS; oronly unaudited project accounts and financial statements are

33、 submitted.未要求，指如果貸款協(xié)議未要求提交已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表的情況，僅適用于部分例外的規(guī)劃貸款 不合規(guī)指：已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表以當地語言提供；已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表已提交，但具有實質性審計保留意見； 單個執(zhí)行機構提交部分的或者不完整的已審計項目報表/已審計財務報表；或僅提交了未經審計的項目報表和財務報表,23,ADB Policy on Late or Unacceptable

34、Financial Reports亞行對遲報或不合格財務報告的政策,When acceptable APA/AFS are not received by due dates, ADB will write immediately to EAs stating they are overdue and warning that, if they are not received within six months:imprest a

35、ccounts will not be replenishedfurther reimbursement requests will not be processedcommitment letters will not be processed, andcontract awards will not be processed如果在到期日沒有收到合格的已審計項目報表或者已審計財務報表，亞行將立即書面通知執(zhí)行機構報表已過期，并

36、提醒如果在六個月內未能收到這些報表：周轉金帳戶將得不到回補不再受理新的償付申請不再出具新的承諾函，并且不再批準授予新的合同,24,ADB Policy on Late or Unacceptable Financial Reports (continued) 亞行對遲報或不合格財務報告的政策（續(xù)）,When acceptable APA/AFS are not received within 6 months after th

37、e due dates, ADB will hold :replenishment of imprest accountsprocessing reimbursement requestsprocessing commitment lettersprocessing contract awardsADB will then advise the EAs of ADB’s actions and state if the sit

38、uation does not improve within six months, loans may be suspendedWhen acceptable APA/AFS are not received within 12 months after the due dates, ADB may suspend the loan.如果在到期日后六個月內沒有收到合格的已審計項目報表或者已審計財務報表，亞行將：暫?；匮a周轉金帳

39、戶暫停處理支付申請暫停處理承諾函暫停處理合同授予亞行然后將通知執(zhí)行機構亞行采取的措施，并說明如果情況在六個月內沒有改善，可能會中止貸款如果在到期日后十二個月內沒有收到合格的已審計項目報表或者已審計財務報表，亞行可中止貸款,25,審計報告和審計意見：亞行的要求,26,ADB Expectations 亞行的期望,ADB expects auditor reports to consider:The adequacy of

40、systems and record-keepingThe eligibility of expenditures Utilization of the imprest accountStatement of Expenditures including whether amount claimed is duly supported to the extent verifiedCompliance with financial

41、 covenants specified in the loan and project agreements. 亞行希望審計報告考慮到：內控制度和記錄留存的充分性費用開支的合格性專用帳戶的使用采用費用報表支付方式支出的原始憑證是否得到驗證貸款財務約文是否滿足招標采購是否按照亞行指南進行,27,Classifications of Audit Opinions審計意見分類,28,Classifications of Au

42、dit Opinions審計意見分類,29,Audit Management Letters審計管理意見書,ADB requires a Management Letter on internal controls and operating proceduresManagement letters must be provided to ADB with the audited financial statements亞行要

43、求提供與內控和經營程序有關的管理意見書 管理意見書必須隨審計財務報告一同提交亞行,30,,Financial Covenants財務約文,31,Session Outline 本節(jié)概覽,ADB seeks assurance that projects will be sustainable by agreeing financial loan covenants.Why does ADB seek to agree loan

44、covenants? What are financial loan covenants?Common ADB covenantsADB approach to non-complianceCompliance Status亞行尋求就貸款財務約文達成協(xié)議以保證項目的可持續(xù)性。亞行為什么尋求就貸款約文達成協(xié)議什么是貸款財務約文常見的亞行貸款約文亞行對不遵守約文情況的處理方法執(zhí)行情況,32,Financial Cove

45、nants are Designed to … 財務約文的設計旨在 …,Support socioeconomic developmentPromote financial viability, financial performance and prudent financial management of the executing agencyDevelop local capabilityAssist the execut

46、ing agency to achieve a creditworthy status to facilitate acceptance in capital marketsProtect the borrower’s and ADB’s financial interestsProvide a basis for monitoring by government regulatory agencies, and ADB, of t

47、he EA’s financial performance支持宏觀經濟發(fā)展提高執(zhí)行機構的財務生存能力、增加其財務業(yè)績、加強審慎財務管理 培育當地的財務管理能力 協(xié)助執(zhí)行機構獲得信譽，以便其被資本市場所接納 保護借款人和亞行的經濟利益 為政府監(jiān)管機構和亞行提供監(jiān)控執(zhí)行機構財務業(yè)績的依據,33,Types of ADB Financial Covenants亞行財務約文的種類,Submission of audited fi

48、nancial statements Operating Covenants:Rate of Return (ROR)Self-financing Ratio (SFR)General Price LevelOperating RatioBreakevenCapital Structure Covenants:Debt Service CoverageDebt : Equity RatioDebt Limitati

49、onCapital AdequacyLiquidity Covenants:Current RatioQuick Ratio,提交已審計財務報表經營約文: 收益率 (ROR)自籌資金比率 (SFR)一般物價水平營業(yè)比率損益平衡資本結構約文 :償債保證比借款 : 權益比率借貸限制資本充足率流動性約文 :流動比率速動比率,34,Financial Covenants: Common Issues

50、財務約文方面的常見問題,EA/IAs are not aware of or just ignore the financial covenants執(zhí)行機構不熟悉財務約文EA/IAs are not calculating the covenanted ratios correctly 執(zhí)行機構沒有正確地計算財務指標Auditor didn’t review the compliance status of financial co

51、venants 審計師沒有檢查財務約文的執(zhí)行情況EA/IAs are not able to conduct meaningful financial projections and take actions accordingly 執(zhí)行機構財務預測能力較弱,不能及時采取措施,35,Financial Covenants: Common Issues財務約文方面的常見問題,EA/IA’s non/semi-autonomous sta

52、tus 執(zhí)行機構沒有應有的決策權Policy changes and sector reform 政策改變和行業(yè)改革EA/IA changes 執(zhí)行機構變更,36,ADB Policy on Non-compliance亞行處理不合規(guī)情況的政策,不能滿足按時提交可接受的已審計年度財務報表的情況另行處理如借款人/執(zhí)行機構未能滿足某條貸款財務約文的規(guī)定,亞行將確定不合規(guī)的程度亞行將找出不合規(guī)的原因亞行將協(xié)商如何糾正不合規(guī)情況