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簡介:2850英文單詞,英文單詞,15萬英文字符,中文萬英文字符,中文4300字文獻出處文獻出處ALEXANDRANARCISACIOBANLUCAN,HLACIUCE,ZAICEANUAMTHEIMPACTANDRESULTSOFTHEINTERNALAUDITACTIVITYEXERCISEDINTHEPUBLICSECTORINROMANIAJPROCEDIAECONOMICSANDFINANCE,2015,323394399THEIMPACTANDRESULTSOFTHEINTERNALAUDITACTIVITYEXERCISEDINTHEPUBLICSECTORINROMANIAALEXANDRANARCISACIOBANLUCAN,ELENAHLACIUC,ANAMARIAZAICEANUABSTRACTWHATSHOULDWEDOTOGETFAVORABLEANDMEASURABLERESULTOFTHEPUBLICINTERNALAUDITACTIVITYANOVERALLEVALUATIONOFTHEINTERNALAUDITACTIVITYEXERCISEDINRECENTYEARSINTHEPUBLICSECTORINROMANIAINORDERTOIDENTIFYTHEREASONSFORMALFUNCTIONINGANDFINDINGPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSTHATLEADTOMOREEFFICIENTINTERNALAUDITACTIVITYREGARDINGTHIS,THERESEARCHDISSEMINATESINFORMATIONOBTAINEDFROMPUBLICINTERNALAUDITREPORTSITEXAMINESAUDITRISK,ORGANIZATIONALFRAMEWORK,ATTRIBUTESOFTHEAUDITEDENTITYANDHIGHLIGHTSTHEINTERACTIONOFTHESEFACTORSTHATINFLUENCEDIFFERENTLYTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTERNALAUDITFOLLOWINGATHOROUGHSEARCH,WECANSAYTHATTHEIMPACTOFINTERNALAUDITINTHEPUBLICSECTORISSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEQUALITYOFINTERNALAUDITMISSIONANDALSOBYEARLYANDACCURATEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHERISKSWHILEORGANIZATIONALFRAMEWORKANDAUDITATTRIBUTESHAVENOTASEVEREIMPACTONAUDITEFFICIENCYKEYWORDSINTERNALAUDIT,IMPACT,PUBLICSECTOR,INTERNALAUDITMISSION,RISKS,AUDITEFFICIENCY,RESULTS,ROMANIA1INTRODUCTIONTHEPUBLICSECTORISPRESENTINTHEECONOMICLIFEINVARIOUSWAYSTHEREISNOMARKETECONOMYINWHICHTHEPUBLICSECTORISNOTMEANTTOBEMOREORLESSPRESENT,DIRECTLYORINDIRECTLY,BETWEENFACTORSINFLUENCINGANDORIENTINGTHEECONOMICOPERATORS,RESPECTIVELYTHEIRACTIVITYTHEPROGRESSOFEVENTSLINKEDTOTHISFIELDTHEPASSINGFROMTHECOMMUNISTSYSTEMTOAMARKETECONOMYHASIMPLICITLYCHANGEDTHECONTROLACTIVITYASWELL,THECONSULTANCYANDINSURANCEOFTHEACTIVITYOFPUBLICINSTITUTIONSTHUS,HASBEENCARRIEDOUTANEXPERIMENTALMISSIONFORTHEAPPLICATIONINTHEFIELDOFINTERNALPUBLICAUDITOFMOREANDMORETRANSPARENTREQUIREMENTS,WHICHADDAGREATERVALUETOTHEENTITYAUDITEDTHEAIMOFTHISRESEARCHISTOHIGHLIGHTTHEESSENTIALASPECTSTHATINFLUENCETHEACTUALITYANDTHEIMPACTOFTHEINTERNALPUBLICAUDITTAKINGPLACEINTHEPUBLICSECTORINROMANIABASEDONTHERESULTSOBTAINEDBYTHEMISSIONSOFINTERNALPUBLICAUDITCARRIEDOUTATTHELEVELOFTHEROMANIANPUBLICINSTITUTIONS,THISPAPEREXAMINESTHEQUALITYANDEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEINTERNALPUBLICAUDIT,THEEMERGINGRISKSENCOUNTERED,THESHORTCOMINGS,ASWELLASSOMEPROPOSALSFORTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHEINTERNALAUDITACTIVITY2IMPORTANCEANDFUNCTIONSOFTHEPUBLICSECTORTHEPUBLICSECTORREPRESENTSTHATPARTOFTHEECONOMYINWHICHISTOBEFOUNDTHEPUBLICPROPERTYANDINCLUDESTHEPUBLICCOMPANIESINTHEFORMOFAUTONOMOUSADMINISTRATIONSANDTHEPATRIMONYOFTHECENTRAL,LOCALANDSOCIALSECURITYPUBLICADMINISTRATION,ASWELLASASUBSTANTIALPARTOFTHEAGRICULTURALREALESTATETAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEFACTTHATTHEBORDERSBETWEENTHEPUBLICANDTHEPRIVATESECTORARENOTSTRICTLYDELIMITED,THEPUBLICSECTORORTHESTATEINANECONOMICALSENSE,CANBEDEFINEDAS“THESUMTHATITENSURESTHEEXISTENCEOFPUBLICGOODSTHISCHAPTERISQUITEDELICATE,BECAUSEOFTHETEMPTATIONTOUSEGOODSWITHOUTPAYINGFORTHEMINSPITEOFTHISASPECT,THEPRODUCTIVEFUNCTIONISSUBSTANTIATEDBYTHEFACTTHATTHESTATEMUSTPRODUCEGOODSANDSERVICESWHICHTHEPOPULATIONCANNOTACHIEVEATALL,ORDONOTHAVETHEOPPORTUNITY,INDIVIDUALLYANDSEPARATELY,TOOBTAINTHEMBYTHEIROWNFORCESTHEFORMULA“THEBESTGOVERNMENTISTHEONEWHICHGOVERNSASMUCHTIMEASITSHOULD”ISWELLKNOWNTHEQUESTIONTHATRAISESIS“WHEREDOESTHESTATENEEDTOSTOPACTINGINSOCIETY”3INTERNALAUDITVALUEADDEDTOTHEMANAGEMENTPROCESSFROMPUBLICORGANIZATIONSACCORDINGTOTHELITERATURE“CONTRIBUTIONVALUE”O(jiān)FINTERNALAUDITISREALIZEDINTHEENTITYWHENINTERNALAUDITORSINTERVENINGTHROUGHWELLADAPTEDWAYSOFRESOURCESANDITSCULTURETHENOTIONOFINTAKEOFVALUEFOUNDINTHEDEFINITIONOFINTERNALAUDITING,ISAPPLYINGINTOINSURANCEANDCOUNSELINGACTIVITIES,WHOSEOBJECTISTOBRINGADDEDVALUETOTHEENTITYTHROUGHASYSTEMATICANDMETHODICALAPPROACHTOCORPORATEGOVERNANCE,RISKMANAGEMENTANDCONTROL31THEINTERNALAUDITACTIVITYPERFORMEDINTHEPUBLICSECTORTHENOTIONOFINTERNALPUBLICAUDITREPRESENTS,INACCORDANCEWITHTHELAW672/2002,AFUNCTIONALLYINDEPENDENTANDOBJECTIVEACTIVITY,WHICHPROVIDESINSURANCEANDADVICETOTHEMANAGEMENTINTERMSOFSOUNDADMINISTRATIONOFPUBLICREVENUESANDEXPENDITURESREGARDLESSOFTHESOURCEOFFUNDINGALSO,THISLAWLISTSTHEMAINTYPESOFINTERNALAUDIT,ASFOLLOWSGHITAANDALL,2010ATHESYSTEMAUDIT,WHICHISANINDEPTHASSESSMENTOFTHESYSTEMSOFINTERNALMANAGEMENTANDCONTROL,INORDERTODETERMINEWHETHERTHEYAREFUNCTIONINGINANECONOMIC,EFFECTIVEANDEFFICIENTMANNER,TOIDENTIFYDEFICIENCIESANDTOFORMULATERECOMMENDATIONSFORCORRECTINGTHEMBTHEAUDITOFPERFORMANCE,WHICHEXAMINESIFTHECRITERIASETOUTFORIMPLEMENTINGTHEOBJECTIVESANDTASKSOFTHEPUBLICENTITYARECORRECTFORTHEEVALUATIONOFTHERESULTSANDDETERMINESWHETHERTHERESULTSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEOBJECTIVESCTHEREGULARITYAUDIT,WHICHREPRESENTSTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHEACTIONSONTHEFINANCIALEFFECTSONACCOUNTOFPUBLICFUNDSOROFPUBLICPATRIMONY,UNDERTHEASPECTOFCOMPLIANCEWITHTHESETOFPRINCIPLESANDWITHTHEPROCEDURALANDMETHODOLOGICALRULESAPPLICABLETOTHEMINCARRYINGOUTOURRESEARCHWEFOCUSEDONTHEPERFORMANCEAUDITCONDUCTEDWITHINPUBLICORGANISATIONSTHISDECISIONWASTAKENAFTERWECONSULTEDSEVERALINTERNALAUDITREPORTSCARRIEDOUTINPUBLICINSTITUTIONSINTHEPREVIOUSYEARS,PRESENTINGCERTAINDEFICIE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簡介:PROCEDIAECONOMICSANDFINANCE152014530–53722125671?2014THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/30/SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEEMERGINGMARKETSQUERIESINFINANCEANDBUSINESSLOCALORGANIZATIONDOI101016/S2212567114005036SCIENCEDIRECTAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMEMERGINGMARKETSQUCONTEMPORARYAPPRMARIAALINACARATASA,ATHEBUCHARESTUNIVERSITYOFECOBOVIDIUSUNIVERSABSTRACTTHEOBJECTOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTTHEROLEOFINTERNALAPLAYSAMAJORROLEINTHEENTERPRISE,CARRYINGONCONTROLINTHECORPORATEASSETSANDENSURINGTHESECURITYOFACCURATETHEREISASTRONGLINKWHICHLEADSTOINCREASETHEVALUEOFAUDITREPORTINGISGIVENALSOBYADAPTINGITSFUNCTIONTOPOLICIES,ASIDEWITHRISKEVALUATIONANDIMPROVEMENTOFCO?2013PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDSELECTIOMARKETSQUERIESINFINANCEANDBUSINESSLKEYWORDSINTERNALAUDIT,INTERNALCONTROL,RISKMANAGEMENT,CORPO1INTRODUCTIONNOWADAYS,INTERNALAUDITORSAREOPERATINGINAVSUCHCIRCUMSTANCES,THEYTRYTOEVALUATEANDIMPGOVERNANCEPROCESSESINORDERTOUNDERSTANDNEWREGULATIONSINTERNALAUDITORSSHOULDRECONSIDERTHEIRROLEINDETERMININGWHETHERTHELIVINGWILLPLANSDBYAPPROPRIATEDOCUMENTATION,THATTHERIGHTPEOPLEANDADDRESSED”KPMG,2011REGULATORSALLOVERTHOFINTERNALAUDITINSUPPORTINGMANAGERSANDOTHERSFINANCIALREPORTINGRISKS,INONEFORMORANOTHECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL40722298184FAX4024EMAILADDRESSMARIACARATASMECOMUERIESINFINANCEANDBUSINESSROACHESININTERNALAUDIT,,ELENACERASELASPATARIUBONOMICSTUDIES,BUCHAREST010374,ROMANIASITYOFCONSTANTA,ROMANIAAUDITINTHECONTEMPORARYLIFEOFACOMPANYINTERNALAUDITFUNCTIONNFINANCIALFIELDANDALLOTHERSSETTLEDBYMANAGEMENT,SAFEGUARDINGERECORDSBETWEENINTERNALAUDITANDTHEPROSPERITYOFACOMPANY,FTHECOMPANYANDACHIEVEITSOBJECTIVESTHERELEVANCEOFINTERNALTHECHANGINGEXPECTATIONSANDITSALIGNMENTTOFRAUDPREVENTIONONTROLSTRATEGIESONAND/ORPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFEMERGINGOCALORGANIZATIONORATEGOVERNANCECODESVERYDIFFICULTTIME,FACINGANUMBEROFSERIOUSCHANGESINPROVETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFRISKMANAGEMENT,CONTROLANDWSYSTEMSANDPROCESSESCREATEDASARESULTOFCHANGINGPOSITIONWITHINTHEORGANIZATIONS“INTERNALAUDITCANPLAYADEVELOPEDBYTHEORGANIZATIONAREREASONABLEANDSUPPORTEDEAREINVOLVEDANDTHATTHERISKSANDCONTROLSAREIDENTIFIEDHEWORLDHAVERECENTLYHIGHLIGHTEDTHEGROWINGIMPORTANCESWITHINCOMPANIESTOENSURETHEINTEGRITYANDRELIABILITYOFER,HAVEBEENAROUNDANDWITHINCOMPANIESFORDECADES1632893?2014THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/30/SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEEMERGINGMARKETSQUERIESINFINANCEANDBUSINESSLOCALORGANIZATION532MARIAALINACARATASANDELENACERASELASPATARIU/PROCEDIAECONOMICSANDFINANCE152014530–537RUPLEYETAL,2011WEASSUMETHATINTERNALAUDITORSSHOULDPREVENT,IDENTIFYANDREPORTFRAUDINANAPPROPRIATEENVIRONMENTIMPLYINGACLIMATEWHEREETHICALVALUESAREPRIVILEGED,INTERNALCONTROLWILLBEABLETOWORKANDDEVELOPEFFECTIVELYTHECORNERSTONEFORINTERNALAUDITISTHESYSTEMREFERRINGTORISKASSESSMENTATTHISPOINT,INTERNALAUDITORSSHOULDBEABLETOMANAGECHANGESATALLLEVELS,ESPECIALLYTHOSEASSOCIATEDWITHRISKSLEPADATU,2011SUSTAINSTHATINTERNALAUDITSHOULDPROVIDEITSOWNSUPPORT,ASSESSINGRISKSANDCONTROLSTRATEGIES,SUGGESTINGINITIATIVES,SOLUTIONS,ADVICES,PROPOSALSANDRECOMMENDATIONSTOMITIGATETHETHREATOFFRAUDSTANCIU,2012HASRECENTLYREALIZEDASYNTHESISOFTHECONTEMPORARYANDFORESEENINTERNALAUDITAPPROACHESASITISDRAWNINTABLE1THEAUTHORSTARTEDFROMSOMEPARTICULARDRIVERSSUCHASIA’SROLE,MODELS,SKILLS,METHODOLOGYANDPERCEPTIONINSIDETHEORGANIZATIONSTABLE1CURRENTANDFUTURESTATUSOFINTERNALAUDITCURRENTSTATUSFUTURESTATUSROLEINDEPENDENTASSURANCEFUNCTIONSINDEPENDENTASSURANCEFUNCTIONSMANAGEMENTADVISORIAMODELSCONTROLASSURANCESUPPORTEDBYRISKBASEDIAPLANRISKCENTEREDASSURANCEOFRISKMANAGEMENTPROCESSEFFECTIVENESSINADDITIONTOCONTROLASSURANCESKILLSMETHODOLOGYPERCEPTIONINSIDETHECOMPANY“TRADITIONAL”SKILLSDETAILEDMETHODOLOGIESANNUALPLANANDFIVEYEARSPLANCONTROLANDASSURANCEFUNCTIONEXTENDEDSKILLSIT,BUSINESSMODELS,DATAMININGANDANALYSIS,SOCIALRESPONSIBILITYPRINCIPLESBASEDAPPROACHFLEXIBILITYANDSUFFICIENTUNALLOCATEDTIMETOADDRESSDEVELOPINGISSUESSERVICEPROVIDERSOURCESTANCIU,2012ASWEHAVEJUSTSHOWN,INTERNALAUDITMUSTCHANGEBYADAPTINGITSFUNCTIONSTOCURRENTCHALLENGES,INTERNALAUDITWILLARRIVETOINCREASECORPORATEGOVERNANCEASAWHOLE“ALLWEAKNESSESINTERNALAUDITORSARESIGNALINGASWELLASTHEIRRECOMMENDATIONSAIMINGATIMPROVINGPROCESSESANDSTRENGTHENINGCONTROLSWILLENSURETHEOBJECTIVESACHIEVEMENT,COSTREDUCTIONS,USEOFOPPORTUNITIESANDINTHISRESPECTWILLDELIVERVALUEFORTHEORGANIZATION”STANCIU,2012INANOPTIMALMODELOFCORPORATEGOVERNANCE,ASITHASBEENPROPOSEDBYLEPADATU,2011,THEKEYCHARACTERISTICSOFINTERNALAUDITAREAUDITORS’INDEPENDENCEANDOBJECTIVITYWHICHHAVEANIMPORTANTIMPACTONINTERNALCONTROLEFFECTIVENESSINORDERTODEMONSTRATETHEIMPORTANCEOFINTERNALAUDITFUNCTIONSFORCORPORATEGOVERNANCEWESTARTEDOURRESEARCHWORKBYTHEPREMISESUSTAINEDBYRADU,2012INAVERYRECENTSTUDYACCORDINGTOWHICH“ANEFFECTIVEINTERNALAUDITFUNCTIONISSUPPOSEDTOASSISTMANAGEMENTTOFULFILLITSGOVERNANCERESPONSIBILITIES”INSUCHCIRCUMSTANCES,INTERNALCONTROLNEEDSALSONEWPERSPECTIVESINFACT,ITREPRESENTSAPROCESSDEVELOPEDBYANENTITY’SBOARDOFDIRECTORS,MANAGEMENTANDOTHERPERSONNEL,DESIGNEDTOPROVIDEREASONABLEASSURANCEREGARDINGTHEACHIEVEMENTOFCOMPANY’SOBJECTIVESTHEMANAGEMENTISREQUIREDTODISCLOSESIGNIFICANTINTERNALCONTROLDEFICIENCIESATANOTHERLEVEL,INTERNALAUDITORSAREREQUIREDTOPROVIDEOBJECTIVE,RELEVANTANDRELIABLEOPINIONSONMANAGEMENT’SASSESSMENTHOWEVER,MOSTOFINTERNALCONTROLWEAKNESSESARERELATEDTOFINANCIALSTATEMENTSANDPROCEDURESASCOSOSTATES,INTERNALCONTROLISDEFINEDINTERMSOFACHIEVINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCYOFOPERATIONS,RELIABILITYOFFINANCIALREPORTINGANDCOMPLIANCEWITH
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      • 簡介:OMEGA362008352–362WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/OMEGAELEVATORPLANNINGWITHSTOCHASTICMULTICRITERIAACCEPTABILITYANALYSIS?TOMMITERVONENA,B,?,HENRIHAKONENB,C,RISTOLAHDELMABACEGIST,CENTREFORMANAGEMENTSTUDIES,INSTITUTOSUPERIORTéCNICO,DEPARTAMENTODEENGENHARIAEGEST?O,1049001LISBON,PORTUGALBDEPARTMENTOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFTURKU,FIN20520TURKU,FINLANDCKONEOYJ,KEILASATAMA3,FIN02150ESPOO,FINLANDRECEIVED29SEPTEMBER2004ACCEPTED26APRIL2006AVAILABLEONLINE27NOVEMBER2006ABSTRACTMODERNELEVATORSYSTEMSINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSISTOFGROUPSOFELEVATORSWITHCENTRALIZEDCONTROLTHEGOALINELEVATORPLANNINGISTOCONFIGUREASUITABLEELEVATORGROUPTOBEBUILTTHEELEVATORGROUPMUSTSATISFYSPECIFICMINIMUMREQUIREMENTSFORANUMBEROFSTANDARDPERFORMANCECRITERIAINADDITION,ITISDESIRABLETOOPTIMIZETHECONFIGURATIONINTERMSOFOTHERCRITERIARELATEDTOTHEPERFORMANCE,ECONOMYANDSERVICELEVELOFTHEELEVATORGROUPDIFFERENTSTAKEHOLDERSINVOLVEDINTHEPLANNINGPHASEEMPHASIZEDIFFERENTCRITERIAMOSTOFTHECRITERIAMEASUREMENTSAREBYNATUREUNCERTAINSOMECRITERIACANBEESTIMATEDBYUSINGANALYTICALMODELS,WHILEOTHERS,ESPECIALLYTHOSERELATEDTOTHESERVICELEVELINDIFFERENTTRAFFICPATTERNS,REQUIRESIMULATIONSINTHISPAPERWEFORMULATETHEELEVATORPLANNINGPROBLEMASASTOCHASTICDISCRETEMULTICRITERIADECISIONMAKINGPROBLEMWECOMPARE10FEASIBLEELEVATORGROUPCONFIGURATIONSFORA20FLOORBUILDINGWEEVALUATETHECRITERIARELATEDTOTHESERVICELEVELINDIFFERENTTRAFFICSITUATIONSUSINGTHEKONEBUILDINGTRAFFICSIMULATOR,ANDUSEANALYTICALMODELSANDEXPERTJUDGMENTSFOROTHERCRITERIATHERESULTINGDECISIONPROBLEMCONTAINSMIXEDTYPECRITERIASOMECRITERIAAREREPRESENTEDBYTHEMULTIVARIATEGAUSSIANDISTRIBUTION,OTHERSBYDETERMINISTICVALUESANDORDINALRANKINGINFORMATIONTOIDENTIFYCONFIGURATIONSTHATCANBESTSATISFYTHEGOALSOFTHESTAKEHOLDERS,WEANALYZETHEPROBLEMUSINGTHESTOCHASTICMULTICRITERIAACCEPTABILITYANALYSISSMAAMETHOD?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSTOCHASTICMULTICRITERIAACCEPTABILITYANALYSISSMAAELEVATORPLANNINGMULTICRITERIASIMULATION1INTRODUCTIONINMODERNHIGHRISEBUILDINGSWORKERSANDINHABITANTSARETRANSPORTEDBETWEENFLOORSMAINLYBYMEANSOFMULTIPLEELEVATORSELEVATORSAREUSUALLYOPERATEDBY?THISPAPERWASPROCESSEDBYGUESTEDITORSMARGARETMWIECEK,MATTHIASEHRGOTT,GEORGESFADELANDJOSéRUIFIGUEIRA?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORCEGIST,CENTREFORMANAGEMENTSTUDIES,INSTITUTOSUPERIORTéCNICO,DEPARTAMENTODEENGENHARIAEGEST?O,1049001LISBON,PORTUGALEMAILADDRESSESTOMMITERVONENITUTUFITTERVONEN,HENRIHAKONENKONECOMHHAKONEN,RISTOLAHDELMACSUTUFIRLAHDELMA03050483/SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JOMEGA200604017ELEVATORGROUPCONTROLSYSTEMSINORDERTOPROVIDEEFFICIENTTRANSPORTATIONWHENAHIGHRISEBUILDINGISDESIGNED,ASUITABLECONFIGURATIONFORTHEELEVATORGROUPHASTOBEDESIGNEDTHEDECISIONMAKERSDMSSHOULDCONSIDERPERFORMANCEASWELLASPRICEANDOTHERNONPERFORMANCECRITERIAOFALTERNATIVEELEVATORGROUPCONFIGURATIONSBECAUSEANALYTICALMETHODSARELIMITEDTOTHEUPPEAKTRAFFICSITUATIONANDCANNOTEVALUATETHEEFFECTOFAGROUPCONTROLALGORITHM,THEPERFORMANCEHASTOBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATION,WHICHPRODUCESSTOCHASTICMEASUREMENTSFORTHEPERFORMANCECRITERIAOFALTERNATIVECONFIGURATIONSTHEPERFORMANCEOFANELEVATORGROUPCANBEMEASUREDUSINGSEVERAL354TTERVONENETAL/OMEGA362008352–362ANDBECAUSETHEREAREANALYTICALFORMULASFORCALCULATINGTHEUPPEAKHANDINGCAPACITYANDINTERVAL14THEUSUALRECOMMENDATIONSSTATETHATTHEUPPEAKHANDLINGCAPACITYFORANOFFICEBUILDINGSHOULDBE11–17ANDINTERVAL20–30S15NONPERFORMANCECRITERIA,SUCHASCOSTANDOCCUPIEDFLOORAREASHOULDALSOBECONSIDEREDTHECOSTOFANELEVATORSYSTEMCONSISTSOFBUILDANDMAINTENANCECOSTSTHEFLOORAREAOCCUPIEDBYTHEELEVATORGROUPCONSISTSOFTHESHAFTSPACEANDTHEWAITINGAREAFORPASSENGERSINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSTHEPOPULATIONISLARGEANDDISTANCESARELONG,THUSTHEPORTIONOFSHAFTSISLARGECOMPAREDTOTHETOTALFLOORAREATHISMEANSMORECOSTS,SINCETHERENTABLEAREAISREDUCEDINSOMECASESTHEBUILDINGDESIGNCONSTRAINSTHEOCCUPIEDAREA,SOMETIMESTHEREISMOREFREEDOMTOUSESPACETHEELEVATORPLANNINGISNOTINDEPENDENTOFBUILDINGDESIGNTHEARCHITECTSHOULDTAKEADVICEFROMTHEELEVATORPLANNERINSTEADOFCONSIDERINGONLYUPPEAKTRAFFIC,WETAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEENTIREDAILYTRAFFICANDCONSIDERALLCRITERIASIMULTANEOUSLYINTHESTUDYPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERWECONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGSIXCRITERIATHECOSTANDAREACRITERIATAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEBUILDINGOWNERSPOINTOFVIEWPASSENGERSPOINTOFVIEWISTAKENINTOACCOUNTBYWT,JOURNEYTIMEJT,THEPERCENTAGEOFWTSEXCEEDING60SWT60,ANDTHEPERCENTAGEOFJTSEXCEEDING120SJT120THEWTISMEASUREDFROMTHEMOMENTAPASSENGERENTERSTHEWAITINGAREATOTHEMOMENTHE/SHEENTERSTHEELEVATORTHEJTISTHETOTALTIMEFROMENTERINGTHEWAITINGAREATOEXITINGTHEELEVATORTHELASTTWOCRITERIAMEASUREUNSATISFACTORYSERVICE,WHICHMAYHAPPENESPECIALLYININTENSETRAFFICPEAKS3THESMAAMETHODSTHESMAA2METHOD1HASBEENDEVELOPEDFORDISCRETESTOCHASTICMULTICRITERIADECISIONMAKINGPROBLEMSWITHMULTIPLEDMSSMAA2APPLIESINVERSEWEIGHTSPACEANALYSISTODESCRIBEFOREACHALTERNATIVEWHATKINDOFPREFERENCESMAKEITTHEMOSTPREFERREDONE,ORPLACEITONANYPARTICULARRANKTHEDECISIONPROBLEMISREPRESENTEDASASETOFMALTERNATIVES{X1,X2,,XM}THATAREEVALUATEDINTERMSOFNCRITERIATHEDMS’PREFERENCESTRUCTUREISREPRESENTEDBYAREALVALUEDUTILITYORVALUEFUNCTIONUXI,WTHEVALUEFUNCTIONMAPSTHEDIFFERENTALTERNATIVESTOREALVALUESBYUSINGAWEIGHTVECTORWTOQUANTIFYDMS’SUBJECTIVEPREFERENCESSMAA2HASBEENDEVELOPEDFORSITUATIONSWHERENEITHERCRITERIAMEASUREMENTSNORWEIGHTSAREPRECISELYKNOWNUNCERTAINORIMPRECISECRITERIAAREREPRESENTEDBYSTOCHASTICVARIABLES?IJWITHJOINTDENSITYFUNCTIONFX?INTHESPACEX?RMNWEDENOTETHESTOCHASTICCRITERIAMEASUREMENTSOFALTERNATIVEXIWITH?ITHEDMS’UNKNOWNORPARTIALLYKNOWNPREFERENCESAREREPRESENTEDBYAWEIGHTDISTRIBUTIONWITHJOINTDENSITYFUNCTIONFWWINTHEFEASIBLEWEIGHTSPACEWTOTALLACKOFPREFERENCEINFORMATIONISREPRESENTEDIN‘BAYESIAN’SPIRITBYAUNIFORMWEIGHTDISTRIBUTIONINW,THATIS,FWW1/VOLWTHEWEIGHTSPACECANBEDEFINEDACCORDINGTONEEDS,BUTTYPICALLY,THEWEIGHTSARENONNEGATIVEANDNORMALIZED,THATISTHEWEIGHTSPACEISANN?1DIMENSIONALSIMPLEXINNDIMENSIONALSPACEW???W∈RNW?0ANDN?J1WJ1???1THEVALUEFUNCTIONISUSEDTOMAPTHESTOCHASTICCRITERIAANDWEIGHTDISTRIBUTIONSINTOVALUEDISTRIBUTIONSU?I,WBASEDONTHEVALUEDISTRIBUTIONS,THERANKOFEACHALTERNATIVEISDEFINEDASANINTEGERFROMTHEBESTRANK1TOTHEWORSTRANKMBYMEANSOFARANKINGFUNCTIONRANKI,?,W1M?K1?U?K,WU?I,W,2WHERE?TRUE1AND?FALSE0SMAA2ISTHENBASEDONANALYZINGTHESTOCHASTICSETSOFFAVORABLERANKWEIGHTSWRI?{W∈WRANKI,?,WR}3ANYWEIGHTW∈WRI?RESULTSINSUCHVALUESFORDIFFERENTALTERNATIVES,THATALTERNATIVEXIOBTAINSRANKRTHEFIRSTDESCRIPTIVEMEASUREOFSMAA2ISTHERANKACCEPTABILITYINDEXBRI,WHICHMEASURESTHEVARIETYOFDIFFERENTPREFERENCESTHATGRANTALTERNATIVEXIRANKRITISTHESHAREOFALLFEASIBLEWEIGHTSTHATMAKETHEALTERNATIVEACCEPTABLEFORAPARTICULARRANK,ANDITISMOSTCONVENIENTLYEXPRESSEDPERCENTAGEWISETHERANKACCEPTABILITYINDEXBRIISCOMPUTEDNUMERICALLYASAMULTIDIMENSIONALINTEGRALOVERTHECRITERIADISTRIBUTIONSANDTHEFAVORABLERANKWEIGHTSASBRI??∈XFX??W∈WRI?FWWDWD?4THEMOSTACCEPTABLEBESTALTERNATIVESARETHOSEWITHHIGHACCEPTABILITIESFORTHEBESTRANKSTHECENTRALWEIGHTVECTORWCIISTHEEXPECTEDCENTEROFGRAVITYCENTROIDOFTHEFAVORABLEFIRSTRANKWEIGHTSOFANALTERNATIVETHECENTRALWEIGHTVECTORREPRESENTS
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        上傳時間:2024-03-13
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      • 簡介:中文中文7860字,字,4400單詞,單詞,24500英文字符英文字符出處出處TERVONENT,HAKONENH,LAHDELMARELEVATORPLANNINGWITHSTOCHASTICMULTICRITERIAACCEPTABILITYANALYSISJOMEGA,2008,363352–362基于隨機多準則接受程度分析的電梯規(guī)劃TTERVONEN,HHAKONEN,RLAHDELMA1摘要在高層建筑中的現(xiàn)代電梯系統(tǒng)通常由集總控制的電梯群構成。電梯規(guī)劃的目的旨在配置適當?shù)碾娞萑?。電梯組必須滿足標準數(shù)量的特定性能標準的最低要求。此外,電梯群配置的運行效率,經(jīng)濟性和服務水平都要達到最優(yōu)化。在規(guī)劃階段涉及不同方面性能強調不同的標準。大部分的評價標準本身就是不明確的。有一些標準則能通過使用解析模型得到估算,然而其它的標準,尤其是那些與在不同起落航線下的服務水平相關的標準需要通過仿真得出。在這篇論文中,我們將電梯規(guī)劃問題用公式表述為隨機離散多準則的決策問題。我們比較了配置在20層高樓中的10組電梯。我們運用建筑交通仿真器KONE評估在不同的交通情況下的服務水平性能標準,用解析模型和專家評價的方法對其它的性能標準進行了評估。它造成的決策問題包含混合型標準。一些標準通過多元高斯分布表示,其它的標準通過確定的值和序(排名)信息表示。為了鑒別出能夠使得各項性能指標最滿意的配置,我們使用隨機多準則的接受程度分析(SMAA)方法分析問題。關鍵詞隨機多準則的接受程度分析(SMAA);電梯規(guī)劃;多準則;仿真文章概要1介紹2.電梯規(guī)劃3隨機多準則的接受程度分析(SMAA)方法4仿真模型和仿真結果5決策問題和SMAA分析6結論參考文獻通仿真器分析可替換的電梯配置方案。根據(jù)仿真器的輸出,我們可以構建一個多準則的決策問題,而且可以運用SMAA方法來分析該問題。就我們所知,我們率先將隨機軍事和民防資源方法應用于電梯規(guī)劃。在決策分析中,我們之所以選擇SMAA方法是因為允許多元高斯分布的標準尺寸是唯一的軍事和民防資源的方法。這篇論文按如下形式組織展開第二部分向讀者介紹電梯規(guī)劃的各方面;第三部分向讀者介紹SMAA方法;第四部分,我們介紹用于產(chǎn)生數(shù)據(jù)的仿真器,并且列出了仿真結果。第五部分,我們定義了決策問題,介紹了SMAA分析方法;第六部分,以結論結束全文。2電梯規(guī)劃電梯規(guī)劃的目的是找出一組合適的電梯配置,為高層建筑提供運輸服務。由于在規(guī)劃階段建筑并不存在,運輸必須被估計,通過建筑說明書建筑的層數(shù),高度;樓層面積和建筑類型。旅行高度可以通過建筑層數(shù)和總高度而計算得到,建筑內(nèi)的總人數(shù)可以根據(jù)建筑類型和樓層面積估算得到。建筑類型決定了該建筑交通的特點。例如,寫字樓通常在早晨會有一個運輸高峰,此時員工進入建筑;在午餐期間,出現(xiàn)激烈的雙向或各樓層間的運輸;當員工都離開建筑時又會出現(xiàn)一個運輸?shù)凸取R粋€電梯群的運行性能主要取決于轎廂的數(shù)量和尺寸以及運行的速度。此外加速度,電梯門的類型以及群控算法也會影響電梯的運行性能。通常的性能標準是在高峰運輸情況下的吞吐量和計算時間間隔。最高吞吐量是指每5分鐘,可以從大廳運到樓頂人口的百分比。雖然電梯達到滿載的?只是一種假設(但是,電梯達到滿載在實際運行過程中不可能發(fā)生還是有可能的)。最大時間間隔是指轎廂連續(xù)兩次到達大堂的時間間隔。最大時間間隔也可認為是等待時間。峰值通常用在辦公樓中電梯需求量最高時考慮電梯的起碼吞吐能力的場合,因為有用來計算最大吞吐量和時間間隔的分析公式。通常建議寫字樓的最大吞吐量應該達到1117,而間隔時間達到2030秒。非執(zhí)行標準,例如造價和樓層空間的占用也應該被考慮到。電梯系統(tǒng)的造價包括安裝和維護費用兩部分。電梯系統(tǒng)的樓層空間占用包括軸空間和乘客等待區(qū)域兩部分。在高層建筑中,人員數(shù)量比較大,而且運輸?shù)穆烦毯荛L;因此,相對于整個樓層來說,電梯軸空間所占比重就會很大。這也就意味著更大的開銷和可出租面積的減小。在某些情況下,建筑的設計限制了電梯可占用的空間;有時,對空間的占用又有很大的自由。電梯規(guī)劃并不獨立于建筑的設計,因此建筑師應該聽取電梯規(guī)劃者的意見。我們考慮到整個日常交通,同時考慮所有標準;而不是只考慮了繁忙的交通。在本論文的這項研究中提出,我們考慮以下六項標準。成本和面積標準,要考慮到業(yè)主的看法。乘客的看法可以從等待時間,行程時間,等待時間超過60秒的百分比例以及行程時間超過120秒的百分比例等方面得到考慮。等待時間是指從乘客進入等待區(qū)的那一刻到乘客進入電梯那一刻。最后的兩項標準用于衡量服務不滿意程度,通常發(fā)生在繁忙的交通高峰期。3SMAA方法為解決多個決策者的離散隨機多準則決策問題,SMAA2方法得到了發(fā)展。SMAA–2方法適用于逆體重空間分析,以描述每一種替代辦法所偏向的那一方面性能指標或對替代辦
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        上傳時間:2024-03-11
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        上傳時間:2023-07-21
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